Unit 2-3-4 Flashcards

(89 cards)

1
Q

Mechanisms of innate immunity

A

Inflammation
Activation of Complement
Phagocytosis
Cytokines
Activation of NK

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2
Q

Signs of inflammatory response

A

Rubor (redness)
Dolor (pain)
Calor (heat)
Tumor (Swelling)
Loss of function

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3
Q

The inflammatory response is…

A

The reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues (chemical, biological or physical)

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4
Q

Function of inflammation

A

Attract immune components to the site of injury
Repair tissue
Clear away harmful substances and block further invasion

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5
Q

Stages of acute inflammation

A

Initiation
Vascular reaction/tissular response
Edema and pus formation
Resolution scar formation

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6
Q

Leukocytes extravasation is seen by

A

Edema and pus formation

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7
Q

Initiation acute inflammation

A

Detection of microorganisms
Unspecific immune response
Vasoconstriction to block further invasion
Mast cells release chemical mediators

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8
Q

Vascular reaction

A

Vasodilation to increase blood flow
Increase permeability of vessels

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9
Q

Steps of Edema and pus formation

A

Attraction
Rolling
Margination (adhesion)
Diapedesis
Migration
Chemotaxis
Opsonisation
Phagocytosis
Cell lysis

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10
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Mvt of entity in response to chemical stimulus

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11
Q

Neutrophils recruitment by

A

Chemotaxis

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12
Q

Resolution/scar formation

A

Release of the chemical mediators

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13
Q

Diapedesis

A

Passage of blood cells through walls of capillaries

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14
Q

Pus

A

Liquid produced by infected tissues composed of dead wbc (leukocytes), tissue debris and serum

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15
Q

Opsonin def

A

Molecule that binds to cell wall to prepare the pathogen to be destroyed by the cells of the immune system

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16
Q

Types of opsinin

A

Antibodies
Proteins of the complement system (eg C3b)

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17
Q

Function opsonization

A

Enhances the efficiency of phagocytosis by increasing the number and type of binding sites for the phagocytes

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18
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process by which the phagocytes recognize, engulf and kill a pathogen

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19
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Formation of new connective tissue
More than 2 weeks
Permanent tissue damage
Dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages

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20
Q

Granuloma

A

Macrophages unable to protect host from tissue damage

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21
Q

Activation of complement system

A

Cascade fashion of 20 proteins
Composed of serum proteins

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22
Q

Function Complement system

A

Opsonisation
Cytolysis
Chemotaxis and inflammation

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23
Q

E g Cytokines

A

Interferon
Interleukin
Tumor necrosis factor TNF

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24
Q

Cytokines function

A

Immunoregulation
Acts as intercellular mediator/signaling molecule

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25
Nature of cytokines
Soluble protein or glycoprotein
26
Natural killer nature
Non phagocytic granular lymphocytes
27
Target of Natural killers
Malignant cells Infected cells
28
Major functions of specific immunity
Recognize foreign substance Respond to it by killing it or making it harmless Remember it
29
Characteristics of specific immunity
Specificity : immunity directed to a specific pathogen Discrimination between self and non self Diversity of the antibodies produced Memory: when re exposed to sale antigen, response is quicker
30
Clonal deletion
Self recognizing clones are eliminated
31
2 types of specific immunity
Humoral Cell mediated
32
Humoral
Based on the action of antibodies, secreted by plasma cells
33
Cell-mediated immunity
Based on the action of T-lymphocytes than can lyse cells and release cytokines
34
B cells
After maturation in bone marrow go to spleen or lymph nodes On their surfaces have Bcells receptors that bind onto antigens Receptor mediated endocytosis Antigen placed on the surface Helper T Cells bind to B Cells →Clonage of B cell →Differenciation into plasma cells Plasma Cells produce antibodies (mark for macrophages to kill it) or Memory B Cells
35
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Antigen engulfed by B Cell
36
T cell function
Respond to antigens exposed on the surface of Antigen Presenting Cells APCs
37
Helper T cells are also called
CD4 T cells
38
Function Helper T cells
Bind to B cells to produce plasma cells
39
How do Cytotoxic T cells work
Bind to infected cells and release cytokines to cause apoptosis
40
Memory T cells function
Keep record of antigen for the future
41
Effector T cells
Cycle through the body to call leukocytes
42
Phases of specific immunity
Recognition Activation of cells of immune system Kill the pathogen or make it harmless
43
Antibodies/Immunoglobulin nature and function
Glycoproteins that recognize and bind to the specific antigen that caused their productions
44
Immunoglobulin structure
4 Polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds FAb Fc
45
FAb
Antigen binding part
46
Fc
Crystallized fragment
47
In what specific processes are the antibodies involved
Tag bacteria Opsonisation Neutralization Agglutination Complement fixation Precipitation
48
Ig G
Most abundant (80%) Monomer Found in serum Activates complement Easily crossed blood vessels and placenta (GESTATION)
49
Ig A
Monomer or dimer Two antibodies joined by j chain Colostrum Mainly present in secretions Important in mucosal defense AIRWAY
50
Ig M
Pentamer Found in serum Fixes complement First made during infection Great for agglutination Most effective
51
Which immunoglobulin is the first made during infection
Ig M
52
Ig D
Monomer Not found in serum Present on B cells as a receptor for antigens
53
Ig E
Monomer Sticks to basophils and mast cells ➡️ release histamine Raised in people having ALLERGIES Parasitic worm defense
54
Which immunoglobulin are monomers
Ig G Ig E Ig D Ig A sometimes
55
Which immunoglobulin is important in allergies
Ig E
56
Which immunoglobulin is important in mucosal defenses
Ig A
57
Which immunoglobulin is the first made during an infection
Ig M
58
Which immunoglobulin acts as a receptor for antigens
Ig D
59
Which immunoglobulin is present on the surface of B cells
IgD
60
Which immunoglobulin sticks to mast cells
Ig E
61
Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant
Ig G
62
What is the latent period
Period in which there is no antibodies synthesis after the first exposure to antigen Lasts 5-8 days
63
Immunity
Ability of a host to resist a particular disease
64
Two types of acquired immunity
Natural Artificial
65
Active
The organism creates the antibodies
66
Passive
Antibodies received
67
Natural active immunity
Infection
68
Artificial active immunity
Vaccin
69
Natural passive immunity
Ig A from breast milk or Ig crosses placenta in utero
70
Artificial passive
Through medical procedures like immunotherapy Injection of blood plasma or blood serum from an other organism
71
Natural immunity
Acquired through normal life experience
72
Artificial immunity
Acquired through medical procedures
73
Categories of vaccines
Whole organism vaccine Purified macromolecules Recombinant-vector vaccine DNA vaccine
74
Whole organism vaccines
Inactivated (killed) Attenuated ( alive but non virulent)
75
Purified macromolecules
Capsular polysaccharides Recombinant surface antigen Inactivated exotoxins (toxoids)
76
Recombinant vector vaccines
Harmless bacteria or viruses used as vectors/carriers
77
Immunopathology
The study of disease associated to under-activity or over-activity of the immune response
78
Classification of immune disorders
Autoimmune disease Hypersensitivity Immunodeficiency
79
Autoimmune disease
Immune reacts against the body’s own antigen
80
Immunodeficiency
Defect in one or more components of the immune system
81
Primary immunodeficiency
Present at birth/ congenital Due to genetic errors
82
Secondary immunodeficiency
Acquired after birth Caused by natural or artificial agents
83
Hypersensitivity
Exaggerated immune response Causes tissue damage
84
Type I hypersensitivity
Immediate 1st exposure : B cells produce Ig E antibodies from the allergen. Antibodies bind to mast cells 2nd exposure : mast cells release histamine when they encounter the antigen Exemple: anaphylaxis
85
Type II hypersensitivity other name and process
Cytotoxic reaction Ig G and Ig M bind cell surface of associated antigen Complement response is activated Exemple: transfusion
86
Type III hypersensitivity
mediated by the formation of antigen-antibody Ig G aggregates called "immune complexes”
87
Type IV hypersensitivity
Delayed Cell mediated, no antigen antigen presented by macrophage. T helper binds to it and is now primed to it. Replicates. 2nd exposure antigen binds to T cell that releases cytokines
88
What are the immunoglobulins that fixe complement
Ig G Ig M
89
Neutralization
Particle is no longer pathogenic because neutralized by antigen