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Microbiology > Unit 2-3-4 > Flashcards

Unit 2-3-4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mechanisms of innate immunity

A

Inflammation
Activation of Complement
Phagocytosis
Cytokines
Activation of NK

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2
Q

Signs of inflammatory response

A

Rubor (redness)
Dolor (pain)
Calor (heat)
Tumor (Swelling)
Loss of function

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3
Q

The inflammatory response is…

A

The reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues (chemical, biological or physical)

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4
Q

Function of inflammation

A

Attract immune components to the site of injury
Repair tissue
Clear away harmful substances and block further invasion

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5
Q

Stages of acute inflammation

A

Initiation
Vascular reaction/tissular response
Edema and pus formation
Resolution scar formation

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6
Q

Leukocytes extravasation is seen by

A

Edema and pus formation

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7
Q

Initiation acute inflammation

A

Detection of microorganisms
Unspecific immune response
Vasoconstriction to block further invasion
Mast cells release chemical mediators

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8
Q

Vascular reaction

A

Vasodilation to increase blood flow
Increase permeability of vessels

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9
Q

Steps of Edema and pus formation

A

Attraction
Rolling
Margination (adhesion)
Diapedesis
Migration
Chemotaxis
Opsonisation
Phagocytosis
Cell lysis

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10
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Mvt of entity in response to chemical stimulus

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11
Q

Neutrophils recruitment by

A

Chemotaxis

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12
Q

Resolution/scar formation

A

Release of the chemical mediators

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13
Q

Diapedesis

A

Passage of blood cells through walls of capillaries

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14
Q

Pus

A

Liquid produced by infected tissues composed of dead wbc (leukocytes), tissue debris and serum

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15
Q

Opsonin def

A

Molecule that binds to cell wall to prepare the pathogen to be destroyed by the cells of the immune system

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16
Q

Types of opsinin

A

Antibodies
Proteins of the complement system (eg C3b)

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17
Q

Function opsonization

A

Enhances the efficiency of phagocytosis by increasing the number and type of binding sites for the phagocytes

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18
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process by which the phagocytes recognize, engulf and kill a pathogen

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19
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Formation of new connective tissue
More than 2 weeks
Permanent tissue damage
Dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages

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20
Q

Granuloma

A

Macrophages unable to protect host from tissue damage

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21
Q

Activation of complement system

A

Cascade fashion of 20 proteins
Composed of serum proteins

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22
Q

Function Complement system

A

Opsonisation
Cytolysis
Chemotaxis and inflammation

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23
Q

E g Cytokines

A

Interferon
Interleukin
Tumor necrosis factor TNF

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24
Q

Cytokines function

A

Immunoregulation
Acts as intercellular mediator/signaling molecule

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25
Q

Nature of cytokines

A

Soluble protein or glycoprotein

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26
Q

Natural killer nature

A

Non phagocytic granular lymphocytes

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27
Q

Target of Natural killers

A

Malignant cells
Infected cells

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28
Q

Major functions of specific immunity

A

Recognize foreign substance
Respond to it by killing it or making it harmless
Remember it

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29
Q

Characteristics of specific immunity

A

Specificity : immunity directed to a specific pathogen
Discrimination between self and non self
Diversity of the antibodies produced
Memory: when re exposed to sale antigen, response is quicker

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30
Q

Clonal deletion

A

Self recognizing clones are eliminated

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31
Q

2 types of specific immunity

A

Humoral
Cell mediated

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32
Q

Humoral

A

Based on the action of antibodies, secreted by plasma cells

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33
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Based on the action of T-lymphocytes than can lyse cells and release cytokines

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34
Q

B cells

A

After maturation in bone marrow go to spleen or lymph nodes
On their surfaces have Bcells receptors that bind onto antigens
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Antigen placed on the surface
Helper T Cells bind to B Cells

→Clonage of B cell

→Differenciation into plasma cells
Plasma Cells produce antibodies (mark for macrophages to kill it) or Memory B Cells

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35
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Antigen engulfed by B Cell

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36
Q

T cell function

A

Respond to antigens exposed on the surface of Antigen Presenting Cells APCs

37
Q

Helper T cells are also called

A

CD4 T cells

38
Q

Function Helper T cells

A

Bind to B cells to produce plasma cells

39
Q

How do Cytotoxic T cells work

A

Bind to infected cells and release cytokines to cause apoptosis

40
Q

Memory T cells function

A

Keep record of antigen for the future

41
Q

Effector T cells

A

Cycle through the body to call leukocytes

42
Q

Phases of specific immunity

A

Recognition
Activation of cells of immune system
Kill the pathogen or make it harmless

43
Q

Antibodies/Immunoglobulin nature and function

A

Glycoproteins that recognize and bind to the specific antigen that caused their productions

44
Q

Immunoglobulin structure

A

4 Polypeptide chains connected by disulfide bonds
FAb
Fc

45
Q

FAb

A

Antigen binding part

46
Q

Fc

A

Crystallized fragment

47
Q

In what specific processes are the antibodies involved

A

Tag bacteria
Opsonisation
Neutralization
Agglutination
Complement fixation
Precipitation

48
Q

Ig G

A

Most abundant (80%)
Monomer
Found in serum
Activates complement
Easily crossed blood vessels and placenta (GESTATION)

49
Q

Ig A

A

Monomer or dimer
Two antibodies joined by j chain
Colostrum
Mainly present in secretions
Important in mucosal defense
AIRWAY

50
Q

Ig M

A

Pentamer
Found in serum
Fixes complement
First made during infection
Great for agglutination
Most effective

51
Q

Which immunoglobulin is the first made during infection

A

Ig M

52
Q

Ig D

A

Monomer
Not found in serum
Present on B cells as a receptor for antigens

53
Q

Ig E

A

Monomer
Sticks to basophils and mast cells ➡️ release histamine
Raised in people having ALLERGIES
Parasitic worm defense

54
Q

Which immunoglobulin are monomers

A

Ig G
Ig E
Ig D
Ig A sometimes

55
Q

Which immunoglobulin is important in allergies

A

Ig E

56
Q

Which immunoglobulin is important in mucosal defenses

A

Ig A

57
Q

Which immunoglobulin is the first made during an infection

A

Ig M

58
Q

Which immunoglobulin acts as a receptor for antigens

A

Ig D

59
Q

Which immunoglobulin is present on the surface of B cells

A

IgD

60
Q

Which immunoglobulin sticks to mast cells

A

Ig E

61
Q

Which immunoglobulin is the most abundant

A

Ig G

62
Q

What is the latent period

A

Period in which there is no antibodies synthesis after the first exposure to antigen
Lasts 5-8 days

63
Q

Immunity

A

Ability of a host to resist a particular disease

64
Q

Two types of acquired immunity

A

Natural
Artificial

65
Q

Active

A

The organism creates the antibodies

66
Q

Passive

A

Antibodies received

67
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Infection

68
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Vaccin

69
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Ig A from breast milk or Ig crosses placenta in utero

70
Q

Artificial passive

A

Through medical procedures like immunotherapy
Injection of blood plasma or blood serum from an other organism

71
Q

Natural immunity

A

Acquired through normal life experience

72
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Acquired through medical procedures

73
Q

Categories of vaccines

A

Whole organism vaccine
Purified macromolecules
Recombinant-vector vaccine
DNA vaccine

74
Q

Whole organism vaccines

A

Inactivated (killed)
Attenuated ( alive but non virulent)

75
Q

Purified macromolecules

A

Capsular polysaccharides
Recombinant surface antigen
Inactivated exotoxins (toxoids)

76
Q

Recombinant vector vaccines

A

Harmless bacteria or viruses used as vectors/carriers

77
Q

Immunopathology

A

The study of disease associated to under-activity or over-activity of the immune response

78
Q

Classification of immune disorders

A

Autoimmune disease
Hypersensitivity
Immunodeficiency

79
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Immune reacts against the body’s own antigen

80
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

Defect in one or more components of the immune system

81
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

Present at birth/ congenital
Due to genetic errors

82
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency

A

Acquired after birth
Caused by natural or artificial agents

83
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Exaggerated immune response
Causes tissue damage

84
Q

Type I hypersensitivity

A

Immediate

1st exposure : B cells produce Ig E antibodies from the allergen. Antibodies bind to mast cells

2nd exposure : mast cells release histamine when they encounter the antigen

Exemple: anaphylaxis

85
Q

Type II hypersensitivity other name and process

A

Cytotoxic reaction

Ig G and Ig M bind cell surface of associated antigen
Complement response is activated
Exemple: transfusion

86
Q

Type III hypersensitivity

A

mediated by the formation of antigen-antibody Ig G aggregates called “immune complexes”

87
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity

A

Delayed
Cell mediated, no antigen
antigen presented by macrophage.
T helper binds to it and is now primed to it. Replicates.
2nd exposure antigen binds to T cell that releases cytokines

88
Q

What are the immunoglobulins that fixe complement

A

Ig G Ig M

89
Q

Neutralization

A

Particle is no longer pathogenic because neutralized by antigen

Microbiology (12 decks)

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