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AS Geography > Unit 4b -Global Governance of oceans > Flashcards

Unit 4b -Global Governance of oceans Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a supranational institution?

A

An organisation that shares decision making and has influence over its member states, regardless of national boundaries.

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2
Q

What are the 7 supranational institutions?

A
  • united nations (UN)
  • united nations educational scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO)
  • EU
  • G8/G7
  • G20
  • G77
  • north atlantic treaty organisation (NATO)
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3
Q

What is the role of the UN as a supranational institution?

A
  • founded in 1945, it has 193 members
  • maintains peace and security through upholding international law
  • protecting human rights
  • providing humanitarian aid
  • promoting sustainable development
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4
Q

What is the role of UNESCO as a supranational institution?

A
  • protection of the environment, including the oceans
  • its intergovernmental oceanographic commission (IOC) promotes cooperation and coordinates marine research in effectively managing ocean resources
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5
Q

What is the role of the EU as a supranational institution?

A
  • a political and economic union of european states
  • its marine strategy framework directive aims to protect the marine environment in europe
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6
Q

What is the role of G7/8 as a supranational institution?

A
  • international political forum made up of the USA, UK, germany, italy, france, japan, canada and russia
  • the exclusion of russia in 2014 lead to G7
  • members meet at least annually to discuss economic policies
  • in 2017 the g7 made the future of the oceans a key priority, aiming to conserve and sustainably use ocean resources
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7
Q

What is the role of g20 as a supranational institution?

A

-international forum of 19 countries and the EU
- is has called for ocean governance to ensure that the use of oceans is sustainable
- in 2017 it developed an action plan to reduce plastic and waste entering oceans

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8
Q

What is the role of G77 as a supranational institution?

A
  • founded in 1964 as a coalition of developing countries to promote economic interests, it now has 134 members
    -committed to supporting UNs goal of conservation and sustainable use of the oceans
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9
Q

What is the role of NATO as a supranational institution?

A
  • an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 north american and european countries
  • plays a role in maritime security not just in the atlantic, for example tackling piracy in the indian ocean
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10
Q

What is UNCLOS?

A

United Nations Convention and Law Of the SEA
- defined rights and jurisdictions countries have over different parts of the ocean by establishing territorial sea limits
- convention came into force 16th nov 1994 and has been signed by 168 countries
- some landlocked countries and the US have not signed

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11
Q

What is a territorial water zone? (unclos)

A

0-3 miles
Countries have complete control over all activities

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12
Q

What is a contiguous zone? (unclos)

A

3-12 miles
Countries have sovereignty and legal rights, eg customs and rules governing water waste disposal

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13
Q

What is a exclusive fishing zone (EEZ) (unclos)?

A

12-200 miles
Country has rights to control the sea bed and water resources but sharing allowed in some situations
All countries have rights to sail or fly over this area
European region more complex with issues surrounding fishing unresolved

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14
Q

What is the high sea zone? (unclos)

A

200+ miles
Outside the sovereignty and legal rights of a single country
Certain international agreements apply

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15
Q

What does the UN’s sustainable Development Goal of ‘conserve and sustainably use the oceans and marine resources’ include?

A
  • preventing and reducing pollution
  • sustainably managing marine ecosystems
  • ending overfishing
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16
Q

What is the EU Marine Directive?

A

AIms to achieve ‘good environmental status’ for the EU’s marine waters by 2020 and to protect the resource base on which marine economic and social activities depend
Each member state is required to develop strategy for its marine waters that is to be renewed every 6 years

17
Q

What may marine superpowers have to do for strategic value?

A
  • protecting sea lines of communication and trade, for example by upholding international law
    -ensuring maritime security
  • preventing conflict
  • delivering humanitarian operations and emergency relief
18
Q

What are chokepoints?

A

Narrow channels along widely used global sea routes

19
Q

What are the 7 major chokepoints for oil transit and how much oil passes through all of them?

A

53% of oil travels through these chokepoints
- straight of hormuz
- straight of malacca
- suez canal
- mandeb straight
- danish straight
- turkish straight
- panama canal

20
Q

What impacts can blocking a chokepoint have?

A
  • increasing oil prices, due to the effect on supply rate and increasing transport costs
  • leaving tankers vulnerable to terrorist attacks and theft by pirates
  • increasing risk of shipping accidents and oil spills
21
Q

Where are the 3 piracy hotspots?

A

Indian ocean
Strait of Malacca
Coast of Somalia

22
Q

Why has there been a reduction of piracy regarding oil tankers?

A
  • boats protecting themselves with razor wire and armed guards to prevent pirates from boarding
  • NATO, EU and countries like Russia using warships to patrol the indian ocean
23
Q

How much of the worlds trade is carried by sea and by what?

A

90%
Container shipping
Oil tankers

24
Q

How does UNCLOS regulate shipping?

A

They allow ships the right of peaceful passage through territorial waters

25
Q

How does the IMO regulate shippinh?

A

Regulates the shipping industry with responsibility for the safety of life at sea and protection of the marine environment. Member governments are responsible for enforcing regulations.
They also require the oil tankers to have double hulls to help prevent spillages in the event of an accident

26
Q

What does globalised crime include?

A

Marketing of illegal and counterfeit goods across continents and the smuggling of migrants and trafficking of people.

27
Q

How much money does human trafficking generate every year?

A

$30 billion a year, with an estimated 2.4 million victims from 127 countries

28
Q

Why are seafloor cables better than satellites?

A

They are cheaper and carry data faster. Easier to construct.

29
Q

Which countries have the greatest data flow requirements?

A

Europe, north america and Asia

30
Q
A

AS Geography (8 decks)

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