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AS Geography > Unit 2 - Changing places > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Changing places Flashcards

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1
Q

How can the character of places be shaped?

A

By -
- flows of people
- flows of resources
- flows of money
- flows of ideas

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2
Q

How can continuity or change impact an area?

A
  • employment opps
  • access to services
  • factors affecting health
  • social inclusion/isolation
  • ability to afford housing
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3
Q

What is meant by direct experience?

A

Experience gained by living in a place or living through the situation

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4
Q

What is meant by indirect experience?

A

Based on information seen or read in the media or though others perceptions

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5
Q

What 4 factors affect perception of a place?

A

Age
Gender
Socio-economic status
Socio-cultural positioning

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6
Q

How does age affect the perception of a place?

A

An older persons needs may be different from a young person, who might rather need a park instead of open fields.

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7
Q

How does gender affect the perception of a place?

A

Males may perceive a place or individual street as more or less friendly/safe than females do.

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8
Q

How does socio-economic status affect someones perception of a place?

A

A wealthy person may have different perceptions on cheaper/run down housing than those actually living in the area.

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9
Q

How does socio-cultural positioning affect someones perception of a place?

A

Ethnic origin, race and religion service influence how a person perceives the role of a place or its suitability in terms of services or amenities.

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10
Q

What is meant by formal place representations?

A

Produced by political, social and cultural agencies (including local government, education institutions, tourist boards and national heritage agencies) along with large businesses.

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11
Q

What is meant by informal representations of a place?

A

Produced by individuals or small groups of people working outside of formal-sector institutions. Informal representations are often creative and do not necessarily try to faithfully reproduce reality.

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12
Q

What are the 4 sections of the employment structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary.

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13
Q

What is primary employment?

A

The collection of natural resources (example wood chopping)

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14
Q

What is secondary employment?

A

Manufacturing of natural resources (example wood into tables)

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15
Q

What is tertiary employment?

A

Services to society (example teaching)

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16
Q

What is quaternary employment?

A

Research and development activities (example scientific technology research)

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17
Q

What are the 3 sections of the Clark-Fisher model?

A

Pre-industrial
Industrial
Post Industrial

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18
Q

What is the gni per capita of an LIC?

A

Below $1005

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19
Q

What is the gni per capita of a HIC?

A

Over $12,235

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20
Q

What is the definition of globalisation?

A

The way in which economies and societies have become integrated by a global network of trade, communication and immigration.

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21
Q

What can cause a change in the employment structure?

A

changes in technology
depletion of resources
changing lifestyle and tastes
government strategies
globalisation

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22
Q

What is the definition of deindustrialisation?

A

The process of economic and social change in an area caused by a reduction in industrial employment (sometimes due to automation)

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23
Q

What are the negative impacts on the deindustrialisation in rural mining areas?

A
  • decreased employment opps
  • rural to urban migration
  • ageing population remains
  • declining services
  • environmental concerns over industrial dereliction
  • increasing isolation
  • new jobs have zero or short term hour contracts
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24
Q

What are the positive impacts on the deindustrialisation in rural mining areas?

A
  • reduction in environmental pollution
  • new employment opps in industrial heritage tourism
  • better quality environment to live
  • land available so helping housing shortage
  • imports of cheaper goods allows disposable income to go further, improving welfare
  • tertiary jobs less demanding, more balanced lifestyles
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25
Q

What is the cycle of deprivation?

A

Poverty (low wages)
Poor living conditions
Ill health (stress and strain)
Poor education (old schools)
Poor skills (unemployment)
——back to poverty

26
Q

What is social exclusion?

A

The inability to participate in the normal relationships and activities available to the majority of people. It can be economic, social or political.

27
Q

What are enterprise zones?

A

An area where policies (like tax-cuts) are used to encourage economic growth and development.

28
Q

What are the benefits to enterprise zones?

A
  • business rate relief and financial benefits
  • simplified planning rules
  • infrastructure for business (super fast broadband, transport links, and a location with co-businesses)
29
Q

What is a local enterprise partnership? (LEP)

A

Voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses to promote economic growth and job creation in local areas.

30
Q

What funding support can be given for retraining?

A
  • grants and bursaries from an organisation
  • professional and career development loans (government pays interest whilst you study)
  • advanced learner loans covering the costs of a training course
31
Q

What is the EU growth programme?

A

The european structural and investment funds provide investment for innovation, businesses, skills and employment.

32
Q

What are the 3 types of fund to come from the EU growth programme?

A

European social fund (aims to improve social inclusion, employment opps and invest in skills)
European regional development fund (supports research and innovation, small to medium size businesses and development of a low-carbon economy)
European agricultural fund for rural development (helps rural businesses to grow and expand)

33
Q

What are foreign direct investments?

A

Cross border investment made by residents and businesses from one country to another, with the aim of establishing a lasting interest in the country of receiving investment.
Usually made by MNC’s.

34
Q

What is the definition of tertiarisation?

A

When the service sector comprises the biggest element of the economy.

35
Q

What is the definition of re-urbanisation?

A

The movement of people and economic acitivities back into city centres.

36
Q

What is the definition of gentrification?

A

The process by which a place changes from being a poor area to becoming a richer one.

37
Q

Why are tertiary activities clustered in central areas?

A
  • large catchment area to support services
  • most accessible points
  • access to a large workforce
  • new technological infrastructure would develop in these areas first
38
Q

Why has expansion of the tertiary sector occurred?

A
  • many people now have higher disposable incomes
  • the ageing population may be mortgage free
  • modern technology has created demand for new services
  • changing tastes have led to growth in retail like coffee shops
39
Q

Why has re-urbanisation been occurring in many cities?

A
  • redeveloped industrial areas
  • people unable to afford rural homes
  • increasing pressure due to rapid population growth and demand for more housing
  • young professionals live in more lively environments.
40
Q

How can re-urbanisation result in gentrification?

A
  • high income, young proffessionals can afford to renovate older housing
  • services develop to cater for high earning individuals
  • as the area becomes more desirable, more wealthy people are attracted to it
41
Q

What social changes can re-urbanisation result in?

A
  • low income residents are priced out
  • social exclusion of original population
  • ethnic diversity changes
  • young people taking jobs from the unskilled or older gen
42
Q

What are the 3 features of cities facing decline?

A
  • higher rates of poverty
  • lower rates of employment growth
  • lower rates of immigration of economically active groups
43
Q

What is the definition of a ‘knowledge economy’?

A

An economy based on creating, evaluating and trading ideas and information. Basically an acronym for the quaternary sector.

44
Q

What types of services fall under the knowledge economy?

A
  • high tech manufacturing (computers, electronics and aerospace)
  • science sector industries (education, healthcare, software design and biotechnology)
  • business services like insurance, information and communications
45
Q

What are the factors encouraging cluster growth?

A
  • proximity to universities and research establishments
  • government support
  • planning regulations
  • infrastructure
46
Q

What challenges does the country side face?

A
  • lack of transport infrasctructure
  • post-production transition
  • disappearance of rural services
  • changing rural economy
  • issue of affordable housing
  • pockets of local depopulation
  • agricultural change
47
Q

What is meant by ‘rebranding’?

A

The way a place is changed and marketed so that the image and perception of it is improved

48
Q

What is meant by ‘regeneration’ of a place?

A

Long term process aimed at improving the economy and social environment

49
Q

What is meant by ‘re-imaging’ a place?

A

Changing the reputation and perceptions of a place through specific improvements.

50
Q

What is the definition of a ‘post-productive countryside’?

A

Placing more emphasis on sustainability, with less intensive food production, in attempt to limit the environmental impact of agriculture.

51
Q

What are the 5 rebranding themes for rural areas?

A
  • recreation
  • heritage
  • media
  • event management
  • food and produce
52
Q

What are the effects of rebranding a rural area?

A
  • perceptions become more positive
  • increased trade from tourists
  • development of community identity
  • traffic and congestion
  • rising house prices
  • increased second home ownership
  • social divide between locals and newcomers
53
Q

What are the ongoing challenges in rural areas where regeneration is absent?

A
  • lack of investment in the area
  • decline in employment opportunities
  • lack of service provision
  • out-migration of young people
  • decline in newcomers
  • need to retrain orginal pop to use modern tech
54
Q

What are the strategies to rebrand urban areas?

A
  • technology led enterprise
  • heritage tourism
  • encouraging reurbanisation
  • improved public transport
  • themed events
  • improvements in retail
  • creation of sustainable cities
  • increase in sport art and culture events
55
Q

What is a flagship development?

A

High profile land and property development providing a catalyst for further redevelopment

56
Q

What difference agencies can be involved with urban rebranding?

A
  • government and local governmernt
  • corporate bodies
  • community groups
  • local councils
57
Q

What impact does rebranding have on an urban area?

A
  • increase in employment opps
  • more people moving back into work
  • becomes popular visitor locations
  • improved environment improves the quality of life
  • services built may only benefit visitors and not the local population
58
Q

What are the ongoing challenges in urban places where regeneration and rebranding are absent, have failed or caused overheating?

A
  • lack of change from underfunding, or overheating from over-population
  • areas with no regeneration continue to decline and businesses move elsewhere
  • cycle of decline and deprivation is triggered
  • many cities are not suitable for modern industry
  • the urban area may be remote from growth areas, markets or good communications , which results in the failure of regeneration
59
Q

What is overheating?

A

Refers to when an economy has had prolonged periods of growth but the supply of goods cannot meet the demand. In many cities, this is seen in the housing market.

60
Q

What issues does overheating cause?

A
  • house demand and price increase
  • conflict over building sites
  • increasing pressure for urban areas to expand into greenbelts
  • increase service provision to meet population growth
  • changes in socio-economic characteristics in an area
  • increase in immigration
  • changes in services to cater for higher earning individuals

AS Geography (8 decks)

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