Geomock 23 Flashcards
What are the 3 main causes of refugee movment and relevant case studies?
Geopolitical - undefined borders
Case study - tutsis and hutus genocide in Rwanda, 800,00 people dead in 100 days
Landgrabbing - MNC
Natural disasters and climate change
Casestudy - somalia and surroundings have 20 million people moving to avoid drought and starvation
13 million people along coast at risk of displacement
What are the impacts of refugees?
- risking lives
- integration in host country is difficult
- ref.camps are overcrowded, children are not educated
- it can cost £14,000 to support one refugee
- they can fill gaps in job markets, they can be highly skilled
What are the push factors in rural areas?
- poverty
- land degradation, land grabbing
- lacking basic infrastructure
- mechanisation of agriculture
What are the pull factors in urban areas?
- offshoring creates employment opportunities
- epz’s make it easier for businesses to thrive
- low skilled jobs and informal opportunities
What are the consequences of migration in rural areas?
70% of indias pop over 60yrs are rural dwellers
- educated people leave
- less productivity and innovation
- migrants can send home remittances
What are the consequences of migration in urban areas?
- a lack of housing to meet demands, resulting in slums
- epz jobs are often poorly paid
- topdown approach or bottom up approach
What are landlocked countries and a casestudy?
45 countries see no benefit from coastal resources landlocked countries have the right to access and utilise the high seas but access to other countries can be difficult. This means goods can be delayed at border crossings and there’s going to be difficulties in trading slower economic growth. Case study - Bolivia
Olivia has no coastal access so trade is blocked. They can’t access resources like fossil fuels.
GPP is 1/5 lower than if it did have a coastline which was taken away by chilli.
Educational standards are lower poverty rates are higher. 
Why is overfishing occurring?
 Increasing population is increased need for food.
Global doubling in fish consumption from 1960 due to more wealth.
Increasing fishing fleets 70,000 fishing vessels.
Improvements in technology allow boats to hunt fish where they wouldn’t usually be caught.
They previously would’ve gone unnoticed.
In high seas, there are limited rules regarding fish and practices.
What are the consequences to overfishing and a case study? 
As fish stocks decrease prices may rise out of reach of poorer members of the population. Commercial fishing fleets have put smaller local fisheries out of business resulting in loss of livelihood.
Case study Newfoundland in Canada in 1992, made 40,000 people unemployed. 
In the EU, the common fisheries policy sets quarters and how much of each fish the member countries can catch, which is been blamed for unemployment and affecting the livelihood of places like Scotland.
Preserving marine environments and the 2 case studies.
Case study one -
Lamlash Bay Scotland, established in 2008 no fish or shellfish can be taken from its waters or seabed.
It was campaign for by coast. Seabed biodiversity is found to have increased by 50% and Fishman say that local fish stocks are recovering at stainable rate.
-Case study 2 Newfoundland Canada
Collapse of the Newfoundland codfish in 1992, made 40,000 people unemployed and the collapse was caused by over exploitation of fish stocks as locals overestimated what they could take, they have no take zones and straight quotas, which have to be obeyed elsewhere. 
Conserving the marine environment and the three factors to go with this. 
- fish farming
- fishing quotas
- TACs
Whaling and the IWC, and an example.
The IWC commissioned a ban whaling in 1986 UNCLOS requires 168 countries have signed must abide by the IWC regulations
case study 1 -the Faroe Islands
1000 year old tradition to hunt whales and dolphins.
At least 700 dolphins are killed a year.
The spinal Lance isn’t being used correctly it takes a long time for the animals to die, raising ethical concerns
What are the 5 factors causing conflict over ocean resources and their casestudies?
- overlapping EEZ (south china sea)
- resources and exploitation (artic)
- oversees territorial dispute (the falklands)
- access to the sea for landlocked countries (bolivia)
- indigenous people and sovereignty (pebblemine Alaska)
Overlapping EEZ’s - south china sea casestudy
- hosts a valuable trade route and natural resources
- phillipines vs china
- china needs it for energy security, but the ISA says it belongs to phillipines
Resources and exploitation -case study the artic
- 90 billion barrels of oil
- US and Canada no take agreement
- Russia has defied this
- decision can be reversed at any time
