Tectonic hazards Q+A Flashcards
Use the figure to describe the global distribution of earthquakes above mag 7 (5)
- along plate boundaries
- pacific ring of fire and coasts
- cluster in indonesia
- cluster in japan
- cluster in alaska
Use figures 5ab to explain why there are global variations in tectonic risk (9)
- distrubution of magnitude and risk
- urban size/ population density and risk
- distribution of urban pop in comparison to location
- economic mitigation (LIC/HIC)
Describe a P wave (2)
- fastest wave, first to be recorded on a seismonitor
- travels through solid rock and liquid
Describe an S wave (2)
- sower than P wave, second to be recorded on a seismonitor
- can only travel through solid rock, causes the most damage
Describe the focus (2)
- location of where earthquake begins
- the place where waves travel outwards from all directions
Describe the epicentre (2)
- place on the earths surface, vertically above the focus
- damage tends to be greater because of urban settlements
Use the figure to compare devastation caused by major earthquakes of 2016 (9)
- comparison of mortality
- differences in economic loss
- amount of loss that was insured
- comparison to magnitude and its link to factors
Use the figure to comment on the nature of and signaficence of the relationship between the number of buildings damaged and population density (2)
- positive correlation
- not statistically significant
Use figures to suggest why it was difficult to respond to this earthquake (10)
- reference to magnitude of eq
- mortality and removing bodies (diseases)
- loss of economic power
- scale of building damage
- difficulty in the distribution of aid
- destruction of infracstructure
- scale of homelessness
- trauma of inhabitants
- demographic structure (dependant pop.)
- low levels of literacy
Explain why there are differences in shield and cinder volcanoes (8)
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shield volcano
- large size/ volume
- gentle slopes/broad
- single vent/fissure
- composition (basaltic lava)
- effusive eruptions
cinder volcanoes
- smaller size
- steep slope
- central vent/bowl crater
- composition (fragmental material)
- explosive eruption
Explain variations in the impacts of 1 volcanic eruption (10)
Case study (eyjafjallajokull)
0 deaths injuries homeless
800 people evacuated
ash blown to europe
airlines lost $1.7 billion
damaged farmland
lack of raw materials
$100 million economic loss to iceland
Use figures 5 to describe trends shown in airborne ash overtime (5)
- aireborne ash fluctuates
- more in explosive phases
- indentification of peaks
- low amount
- high amount
- greatest volume in second phase
- use of data **
Use figures to suggest variations in he characteristics of this volcanic eruption resulted in different hazards (9)
- different explosive and effusive eruptions (vary VEI)
- ash, pyro, landslides, lahars (explosive)
- lava, gas, jokulhlaups (effusive)
- use of data **
Explain the formation of volcanoes at diverging plate margins (8)
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- convection current in mantle
- spreads in asthenosphere
- divergence of plates
- tension pulls plates apart
- slabpull at destructive aids divergence
- fractures in crust
- mid ocean ridge
- partial melting causes magma to rise up through fractures
- extruded at surface as lava
- solidifies to form volcano
Use figures to suggest how the economic impact of this eruption varied (6)
- negative costs to airlines
- variation in costs to airlines
- increase in tourism numbers
- steep increase after the eruption
