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SNC2D7 - Gr. 10 IB Science > Unit 4A - Intro. Optics and Light > Flashcards

Unit 4A - Intro. Optics and Light Flashcards

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1
Q

Principles of Light

A

Light travels in straight lines through air as an electromagnetic wave (at the speed of light), and can travel through space without any medium.

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2
Q

Luminous v. Non-Luminous Sources

A
  • Luminous source: Produces own light
  • Non-luminous source: Doesn’t produce own light
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3
Q

Incandescence

A
  • Light from high temperature
  • Ex: Heated tungsten wire glowing in lightbulb - Inefficient due to most of energy at tungsten wire lost as heat
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4
Q

Electric Discharge

A
  • Light from passing electric current through gas
  • Ex: Lightning
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5
Q

Phosphorescence

A
  • Light by absorption of UV light resulting in emission of visible light over time
  • Ex: Glow-in-the-dark stars
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6
Q

Bioluminescence

A
  • Light from organisms as result of chemical reaction with little/no heat produced
  • Ex: Fireflies
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7
Q

Fluorescence

A
  • Light by absorption of UV light resulting in immediate emission of visible light
  • Ex: Fluorescent bulbs
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8
Q

Chemiluminescence

A
  • Light as result of chemical reaction with little/no heat produced
  • Ex: Glow sticks
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9
Q

Triboluminescence

A
  • Light from friction from scratching, crushing, or rubbing crystals
  • Ex: Light from quartz crystals
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10
Q

Light from Light-Emitting Diode

A
  • Light produced by electric current in semiconductors
  • Ex: LED bulbs
  • More energy efficient
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11
Q

Normal

A

The perpendicular line to a mirror surface

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12
Q

Geometric Optics

A

The use of light rays to determine how light behaves when it strikes objects

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13
Q

Degrees of Visibility

A
  • Opaque: Cannot be seen through at all
  • Translucent: Can be seen through at any degree except completely
  • Transparent: Can be seen through completely
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14
Q

Components of Mirror

A
  • Sheet of glass and thin film of reflective silver/aluminum
  • Glass protects thin film on the back and aids physical appearance of mirror.
  • Thin film reflects light
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15
Q

Real Image

A

Image formed when light rays meet at particular point after reflection from mirror

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16
Q

Virtual Image

A

Image in which light does not actually arrive at or come from the image location

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17
Q

Laws of Reflection

A
  • Flat Surfaces: Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection
  • Incident ray, reflected ray, and normal all lie on same plane
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18
Q

Image Attributes from a Plane Mirror

A
  • Size: Same [as object]
  • Attitude: Upright
  • Location: Behind mirror
  • Type: Virtual
19
Q

Centre of Curvature “C”

A

Centre of the sphere of which the curved mirror forms a part

20
Q

Principal Axis

A

Straight line passing through centre of curvature and focal point

21
Q

Vertex “V”

A
  • The midpoint of the mirror
  • The point where the principal axis intersects the mirror
22
Q

Focus “F”

A

Point where all light rays parallel to principal axis reflected off converge

23
Q

Rules for Concave (Converging) Mirrors

A
  • Light ray parallel to principal axis reflected through focus
  • Light ray through center of curvature reflected back on itself
  • Ray through F will reflect parallel to principal axis
  • Ray at vertex will follow law of reflection
24
Q

Reversibility of Light

A

Switching the incident and reflected rays of light will still lead the light to follow the same path

25
Q

Object Beyond C, At C or Between C and F

A

Reflected rays meet in front of mirror, forming inverted real image

26
Q

Object Located At F

A

Reflected rays parallel and do not intersect neither in front of nor behind the mirror

27
Q

Object Between F and Concave Mirror

A

Reflected rays diverge, leading brain to extrapolate diverging rays backward to appearance of origin behind the mirror

28
Q

Object Beyond C

A

Image smaller, inverted, between C and F, real

29
Q

Object Between C and F

A

Image larger, inverted, beyond C, real

30
Q

Object at C

A

Image same size, inverted, at C, real

31
Q

Object at F

A

No clear image

32
Q

Object For Concave Mirrors

A

Image smaller, upright, behind mirror, virtual

33
Q

Rules for Convex (Diverging) Mirrors

A
  • Ray parallel to principal axis reflected as if it came through focus
  • Ray aimed at centre of curvature is reflected back upon itself
  • Ray aimed at virtual focus is reflected parallel to principal axis
34
Q

Images for Convex Mirrors

A
  • Reflected rays from object never cross in front of mirror.
  • Brain extrapolates rays behind mirror to where they appear to converge (between virtual focus and vertex)
  • Results in smaller, upright virtual image.
35
Q

Applications of Curved Mirrors

A
  • Concave: Solar cookers, searchlights, satellites
  • Convex: Security mirrors, side-view mirrors on cars
36
Q

Specular v. Diffuse Reflection

A
  • Specular: Reflection off a smooth surface
  • Diffuse: Reflection off an irregular/dull surface
37
Q

Components of a Fluorescent Bulb

A
  • Outer shell: Glass tubing
  • 2nd outer shell: Fluorescent coating
  • Inner arrow: Direction of current
  • Dots: Mercury atoms
  • Ends of bulb: Electrode
  • Outer arrows: Light
38
Q

Components of a Glow Stick

A
  • Inner stick: Hydrogen Peroxide Solution held by glass vial
  • Inner Surrounding: Phenyl Oxalate Ester and Fluorescent Dye Solution held by plastic casing
39
Q

How a Glow Stick Works

A
  • 2 chemicals, 1 in a narrow small glass vial
  • Bending the stick breaks the vial, causing chemicals to mix
  • Chemical reaction produces visible light
40
Q

Components of an Incandescent Bulb

A
  • Bottom “button”: Electrical foot contact
  • Below surface of bottom: Insulation
  • Surrounding of bottom: Screw thread contact
  • Heated wire: Tungsten filament
  • Filament held by: Support wires
  • Bulb filled with: Inert gas
41
Q

The light spectrum

A

ROYGBIV

42
Q

Rays of Light (from lowest to highest energy)

A
  • Radio wave > Microwave > Infrared > Visible > UV > X-ray > Gamma Rays
  • Higher wavelength, lower energy
43
Q

Wavelength of Visible Light

A

Between 380 to 780 nanometres

44
Q

Focus for Convex Mirror

A

Virtual Focus

SNC2D7 - Gr. 10 IB Science (14 decks)

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