Core Chemical Concepts Flashcards
Sublevels and Electrons
- s: 2
- p: 6
- d: 10
- f: 14
pH levels
- Are logarithmic (i.e. pH of 9 is 100 times less acidic than pH of 7)
- Acids have pH < 7, neutral particles = 7, alkaline/base particles > 7 (0 to 14)
Phenolphthalein
Colourless in acids and neutrals, pink in bases
Bromothymol Blue
Yellow in acids, green neutral, blue in bases
Red Cabbage Juice
Red in acids, blue/purple neutral, green in bases
Properties of Acids
- Have hydronium (H^+)
- Sour taste
- Electrical conductivity in solutions
- Blue litmus paper reacts by becoming red
Properties of Bases
- red litmus paper reacts by becoming blue
- bitter taste
- electrical conductivity
- slippery texture
- (sometimes) contain hydroxide
Synthesis
A + B → AB
Decomposition
AB → A + B
Single Replacement/Displacement
A + BC → AC + B
Double Displacement/Replacement
AB + CD → AD + BC
Combustion
A + O2 → O mix w/ A
Diatomic Elements
- Gases: H, O, F, I, N, Cl
- Liquids: Br
Salts v. Acids
- Acids: Contain hydronium
- Salts: Contain particles of opposite charges
- Both are dissolved
Ionic Compounds
- State at RT: Solid
- Water Solubility: High
- Solution Color: Colourless
- Solution Conductivity: High
Molecular Compounds
- State at RT: Any
- Water Solubility: Low
- Solution Color: Varies
- Solution Conductivity: Poor
Rutherford
Nuclear model
Bohr
Planetary model
Dalton
Billiard ball model
Thompson
Plum pudding model
Balancing Equation Rules
- Balance Hydrogen Last
- Balance Oxygen Second-Last
Electron Configuration Priority
- Join sublevels before levels
- Ex: 4p6 5s0 4d8, 4p6 5s1
Electron Orders
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p
Ionic v. Covalent/Molecular Compounds
- Ionic Compounds: Different Charges
- Covalent Compounds: Share Same Electrons
Lewis Dot Diagram Rules (in order) (A)
- Place atom stated first in the formula (excluding hydrogen) in the middle
- Determine the valence electrons held and needed
Lewis Dot Diagram Rules (B)
- Bond halogens and hydrogens to central atom
- Complete octets of remaining atoms bonded to central atom
Lewis Dot Diagram Rules (C)
- Dative bond if central atom is at 8 electrons
- Double bond if central atom is at 6 electrons or less
- Square bracket with charge outside particle for all ions
