Unit 4 Topic 2 Flashcards
The Bystander effect
phenomenon in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when others are present
Bystander model of Intervention
Darley + Latane, 1968
1) Recognising need for help exists
2) Interpret event as a clear emergency
3) Assume personal responsibilities
4) Choose a way to help
5) Implement the decision
6) Offer assistance
Relationship Dissolution
Rollie & Duck, 2006
Ending of a relationship initiated by at least one partner
1) Intrapsychic
- an individual feels unsatisfied + thinks they want to end things,
has not voice doubts yet
2) Dyadic
- couple start discussing their issues and may decide to end
relationship
3) Social
- couple seeks support from social environment, justify they r
better off without the other
4) Grave-dressing
- reflects on relationship and begins to rebuild their life
recommencing hobbies/self fulfilling tasks
5) Resurrection
- seeks new relationships and often changes lifestyle to match new
version of themselves.
individuals don’t seek good relationships
Attraction
ability to evoke interest and attention
Biological Theories of Attraction
Buss et al., 1990
universal differences between partner preferences based on theory of paternal investment, reproductive value, fertility
on average Asians + African preferred chastity, women preferred ambition and earning potential
physical attraction
- physical demonstration of reproductive fitness
facial symmetry
- ‘healthier’ genes, less likely to be exposed to disease
Major Histocompatibility Complex - MHC gene
- formation and maintenance of human immune system
- differed MHC gene means offspring will have increased genetic diversity, higher chance of survival
Social + Cognitive origins of Attraction
Social theories - repeated exposure
1) Proximity:
- physical closeness, more attracted when seen more often
- social comparisons, finding someone’s more attractive than those being compared to
Cognitive theories - perception + interpretation
2) Reciprocity:
- satisfaction increased when mutual effort is displayed
- social exchange, meaningful interactions w others
- equity, equal investment in relationship
3) Similarity:
- matching hypothesis, shared characteristics between those in a relationship, more likely to find one another attractive
Aggression
a behaviour directed towards others that is intended to cause harm
hostile aggression:
- emotional, impulsive aggression that is a reaction to pain or distress
Instrumental aggression:
- aggression that is deliberately planned
General Aggression Model
Hostile Attribution Bias:
- the tendency to interpret the behaviour of others as agressive intent, even when accidental or ambiguous
Hostile Perception Bias:
- perceives social interactions as aggressive instead of pleasant
Media General Aggression Model
Repetitive violent video games:
aggressive beliefs + attitudes / aggressive perceptual schemata / aggressive expectation schemata / aggressive behaviour script / destination to aggression
rise in aggressive personality aggressive personality situational variables
Bald, People, Eat, Big, Dinners
Prosocial Behaviour
helping behaviour the benefits other people and society in general
Influencing Prosocial behaviour
Social Factors - social expectations
reciprocity principle:
- the expectation that someone will help you if youve helped them
Social Responsibility:
- members of society are expectde to give help to those in need, without reciprocity.
Personal Characteristics
Empathy:
- capacity to understand and respond to the distress of emotions of others
Mood:
- an emotional state that can affect our perceptions, thought, and behaviours
Competence:
- ability to respond effectively to a situation or perform successfully
Altruism:
- selfishness or helping others even personal cost
Antisocial Behaviour
behaviour that is harmful to others, and ultimately to the community
Influencing Antisocial Behaviour
Diffusion of Responsibility:
- less likely to offer help in presence of others
Audience Inhibition:
- reluctance to help due to perceived negative judgement or feelings of self consciousness.
Social Influence:
- likelihood that bystanders will help is based on how other bystanders react
Cost-Benefit Analysis:
- suggests that when bystanders are confronted with emergencies, they weigh up the pros and cons of self implementation
groupthink:
- tendency of the group to make decisions based on maintaining group cohesion rather than critical analysis of reality.
General Aggression Model
