Unit 3 Topic 3 Flashcards
Encoding Failure
breakdown in the process of getting information into the cognitive system/ doesn’t reach memory
eg.
- pseudo forgetting
- consolidation disruption
Retrieval cues
Mental reminders or prompts to assist recollection later on
Context dependent cues
- external environment when the memory was formed, sounds, smells, temperatures
State Dependent Cues
- internal environment
- physiological and/or psychological state at the time of learning, mood, level of anxiety, sobriety
Interference Effects
memory phenomenon in which some memories interfere with the retrieval of others
proactive interference
- when previously learned material inhibits our ability to encode + store new material
retroactive interference
- when newly learnt material inhibits our ability to retrieve previously learnt material
Ways to improve memory
Chunking:
- process of grouping items together to improve memory capacity (STM) as a means of committing to LTM, reduces capacity of things to remember
Maintenance rehearsal:
- strategy for keeping info in the STM or for moving it into the LTM by simply repeating information over and over
Elaborative rehearsal
- process by which we give meaning to information and link it to other information in our memories ‘meaningful associations’
Cerebellum in Memory
control procedural memory - implicit (unconscious)
- helps perform tasks without conscious awareness of previous experiences
Brain structure roles in Memory
Frontal Lobe
- storage, processing and encoding of procedural memories
- episode memory
- memory for language and motor skills tasks
Occipital Lobes
- memory for pictures
Parietal Lobes
- spatial memory (awareness of oneself in a space)
Temporal Lobes
- memory for sound and names of colours
Basal ganglia
- movements and LT procedural memory
Hippocampus
- forming explicit memories, consolidating (permanent representation) + retrieving LT, declarative memories (DM not permanently stored, transferred to cerebral cortex)
- establishing background or context for new memories
Amygdala
- forms LT explicit memory including emotional memories such as recognising emotions
- procedural memories such as skill learning + classical conditioning
Cerebellum
- procedural memories
- memory for motor-skills tasks
- classically conditioned responses
Memory Process
Sensory memory
- Short term Memory (working memory)
- Long term memory
- Explicit (conscious)
- episodic memory (specific personal events and their
context)
- semantic memory (general knowledge about world)
- implicit (unconscious)
- procedural memory
- priming (exposure influences labour response to same
stimulus without ability to recall prime)
Multi-store model of memory
Sensory Memory: sound, smell, touch, taste, sight
attention
Short-Term memory: Rehearsal
Rehearsal/Retrieval
Long-term memory
Sensory Memory SM
store for fleeting, incoming information that is sensory
- Iconic: visual, lasts 0.3 seconds
- Echoic: acoustic, lasts 3-4 seconds
Working Model of Memory
Baddeley and Hitch, 1974
central executive
visuospatial sketchpad episodic buffer phonological loop
long-term memory
CE - puts together sounds, visuals from working memory, control
attention, 3 main functions
1) inhibition - selects important info for attention
2) switching - changing attention
3) modifying - modifying before recommitting to memory
PL - auditory working memory + storage of
VS - Visual working memory + storage of
EB - helps retrieve info from LTM, integrates info from different
sources
Levels of Processing
Memory is encoded related to the ease that it can be retrieved, the deeper the processing, the greater the chance of it being retrieved.
Structural - shallow processing: what it looks like/appears as
Phonetic - intermediate processing: emphasis on sound of the word
Semantic - deep processing: encoding meaning of the word and
relating to similar words, similar meanings, creates
stronger, ore durable memories.
The Three Rs
Recall
- free recall: recalling as much info as possible, in any order, without
cues
- serial recall: recalling info in the order it was presented
- cued recall: recall assisted by cues, not involving original items to
be retrieved
Recognition
- Process of retrieval that requires identification of a correct
response from a set of alternatives
Relearning
- Learning something that has already been committed to memory
Short-term Memory STM
store receives information from both sensory and long-term
- holds 5-9 pieces of info for 12- 30 seconds
Long-term Memory LTM
- potentially unlimited capacity, for unlimited duration
- forgetting is not memory loss but failure to retrieve
- store in hierarchal pattern of nodes with links between related nodes
retrospective - remembering the past
prospective - ‘things to do’
