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Health And Social Care > Unit 4- The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 4- The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Give body support and shape
Protect organs
Allow body to move

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2
Q

How many bones are there in the average adult body?

A

206

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3
Q

What is bone made up of?

A

Collagen fibres filled with minerals

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4
Q

What mineral is mostly contained in bones?

A

Calcium

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5
Q

What is found at the centre of bones?

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

What does bone marrow produce?

A

Red blood cells
Fatty tissues
Blood vessels

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7
Q

What surrounds the hollow cavity in bones?

A

A layer of cancellous bone

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8
Q

Describe the structure of cancellous bone

A

Spongy and honeycomb in structure

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9
Q

What surrounds the cancellous bone?

A

Cortical bone

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the cortical bone

A

Hard and thin

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11
Q

What are the function of joints?

A

Connect different bones and allow limbs to move

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12
Q

What are the different types of joints?

A 
Ball+Socket
Pivot
Hinge
Sliding
Fixed
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13
Q

What is an example of a ball+socket joint?

A

Hip and shoulder

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14
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

Head and neck

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15
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

Elbow and knee

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16
Q

What is an example of a sliding joint?

A

Wrist and ankles

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17
Q

What is an example of a fixed joint?

A

Pelvis and cranium

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18
Q

What is a ball+socket joint?

A

Where a rounded surface of a bone moves within a depression on another bone, allowing mostly freedom of movement

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19
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Free moving joint allowing rotary movement around a single axis. Rotating bone moves within a ring formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament

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20
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Allows bending and straightening in one direction

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21
Q

What is a sliding joint?

A

One bone sliding over one another. Allows you to bend+flex and make limited side to side movement

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22
Q

What are fixed joints?

A

Provide stability to certain areas of the body as the do not move and are tightly joined

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23
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Free moving joint containing fluid allowing for ease of movement between bones

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24
Q

What attach bones to one another?

A

Muscles and ligaments

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25
Q

Define antagonistic

A

A pair of muscles, and as one contracts, the other relaxes

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26
Q

Describe the shape of bones

A

A shaft of compact bone with enlarged spongy ends, arranged in thin, irregular sheets

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27
Q

What lies underneath compact bone?

A

Growth plates

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28
Q

What is the function of growth plates?

A

Responsible for bone growth in terms of height

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29
Q

Describe the skeleton when in the womb

A

Made of tough and springy cartilage

30
Q

How do babies bones retain elasticity?

A

Proteins (collagen+chondrin) remain in bones after birth

31
Q

Why do bones become weaker after menopause?

A

Oestrogen levels drop, so balance is in favour of osteoclasts, causing bone to become thinner and more honeycomb like in structure

32
Q

What happens to bones in older age?

A

Bone becomes more brittle and can result in osteoporosis

33
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells

34
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Bone removing cells

35
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Invade cartilage of early skeleton and deposit mineral salts

36
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Maintain bone as it forms and increases in size

37
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

What osteoblasts become after depositing salts in the bone cartilage

38
Q

How do osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together?

A

Osteoclasts use enzymes to dissolve bone salts (occurs when new physical activity is taken up) and osteoblasts rebuild the bone

39
Q

Which hormone can influence osteoblasts?

A

Oestrogen

40
Q

What are the components of a synovial joint?

A

Synovial joint
Ligaments
Synovial capsule

41
Q

What covers the end of each bone?

A

Cartilage

42
Q

How are muscles attached to bone?

A

Via tendons

43
Q

What is the makeup of skeletal muscles?

A

Muscle cells consisting of 2 types of protein that can slide past each other using energy supplied by ATP

44
Q

How do muscles contract?

A

When muscle cells slide past each other, the muscle fibres shorten, making it contract

45
Q

Why do muscles pull but not push?

A

Proteins cannot slide in the opposite direction to increase muscle length so another muscle is needed to pull it back

46
Q

What is the function of tendons?

A

Allow muscles to operate at a distance from a bone

47
Q

What are the two most common types of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

48
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

When cartilage at the end of bones roughens and thins out, meaning tendons and ligaments have to work harder.
Causes swelling of joints and formation of osteophytes

49
Q

What are osteophytes?

A

Bony spurs

50
Q

What causes osteoarthritis?

A

Usually result of an injury or is associated with other conditions such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis

51
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

When bodies immune system targets joints, leading to pain and swelling

52
Q

Where is the first place affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Synovium of the joint

53
Q

What are common symptoms of both types of arthritis?

A

Joint pain, tenderness, or stiffness
Inflammation of joints
Weakness/muscle wasting

54
Q

What are the treatments for osteoarthritis?

A

Regular exercise
Losing weight
Suitable footwear
Special devices to reduce joint strain

55
Q

What are the treatments for rheumatoid arthritis?

A 
DMARDs
Biological treatments
JAK inhibitors
Painkillers
NSAIDs
Steroids
Surgery
56
Q

What does DMARD stand for?

A

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs

57
Q

What does NSAIDs stand for?

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

58
Q

What do DMARDs do?

A

Block effects of chemicals released when immune system attacks joints
Methotrexate is most common med given

59
Q

What are biological treatments?

A

Given by injection and stop particular chemicals in your blood from activating immune system to attack joints

60
Q

What are NSAIDs?

A

include ibuprofen and naproxen which relieve pain while reducing inflammation

61
Q

Which surgeries are offered to treat arthritis?

A

Carpal tunnel release, release of tendons in fingers, removal of inflamed tissue and joint replacements

62
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Health condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break
Often only diagnosed after a bone fracture

63
Q

What is the stage before osteoporosis known as?

A

Osteopenia

64
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

When bone density is lower than the average for an individuals age, but not low enough to be osteoporosis

65
Q

What are the causes of osteoporosis?

A

Family history, having/had eating disorder or low BMI

66
Q

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

A

Bone density scan (DEXA scan)

67
Q

What are the treatments for osteoporosis?

A

Bisphosphonates
SERMs
Parathyroid hormones

68
Q

What are Bisphosphonates?

A

Slow down rate that bone is broken down

Most common treatment for osteoporosis

69
Q

What does SERMs stand for?

A

Selective oestrogen receptor modulator

70
Q

What are SERMs?

A

Maintain bone density and reduce risk of fractures

71
Q

What are parathyroid hormones?

A

Help regulate calcium in the bones

Supplemented via injections

72
Q

How can osteoporosis be prevented?

A

Regular exercise
Healthy eating
Daily supplements

Health And Social Care (7 decks)

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