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Health And Social Care > Unit 4- The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 4- The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A

Give body support and shape
Protect organs
Allow body to move

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2
Q

How many bones are there in the average adult body?

A

206

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3
Q

What is bone made up of?

A

Collagen fibres filled with minerals

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4
Q

What mineral is mostly contained in bones?

A

Calcium

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5
Q

What is found at the centre of bones?

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

What does bone marrow produce?

A

Red blood cells
Fatty tissues
Blood vessels

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7
Q

What surrounds the hollow cavity in bones?

A

A layer of cancellous bone

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8
Q

Describe the structure of cancellous bone

A

Spongy and honeycomb in structure

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9
Q

What surrounds the cancellous bone?

A

Cortical bone

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the cortical bone

A

Hard and thin

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11
Q

What are the function of joints?

A

Connect different bones and allow limbs to move

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12
Q

What are the different types of joints?

A 
Ball+Socket
Pivot
Hinge
Sliding
Fixed
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13
Q

What is an example of a ball+socket joint?

A

Hip and shoulder

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14
Q

What is an example of a pivot joint?

A

Head and neck

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15
Q

What is an example of a hinge joint?

A

Elbow and knee

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16
Q

What is an example of a sliding joint?

A

Wrist and ankles

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17
Q

What is an example of a fixed joint?

A

Pelvis and cranium

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18
Q

What is a ball+socket joint?

A

Where a rounded surface of a bone moves within a depression on another bone, allowing mostly freedom of movement

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19
Q

What is a pivot joint?

A

Free moving joint allowing rotary movement around a single axis. Rotating bone moves within a ring formed from a second bone and adjoining ligament

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20
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Allows bending and straightening in one direction

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21
Q

What is a sliding joint?

A

One bone sliding over one another. Allows you to bend+flex and make limited side to side movement

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22
Q

What are fixed joints?

A

Provide stability to certain areas of the body as the do not move and are tightly joined

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23
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Free moving joint containing fluid allowing for ease of movement between bones

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24
Q

What attach bones to one another?

A

Muscles and ligaments

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25
Define antagonistic
A pair of muscles, and as one contracts, the other relaxes
26
Describe the shape of bones
A shaft of compact bone with enlarged spongy ends, arranged in thin, irregular sheets
27
What lies underneath compact bone?
Growth plates
28
What is the function of growth plates?
Responsible for bone growth in terms of height
29
Describe the skeleton when in the womb
Made of tough and springy cartilage
30
How do babies bones retain elasticity?
Proteins (collagen+chondrin) remain in bones after birth
31
Why do bones become weaker after menopause?
Oestrogen levels drop, so balance is in favour of osteoclasts, causing bone to become thinner and more honeycomb like in structure
32
What happens to bones in older age?
Bone becomes more brittle and can result in osteoporosis
33
What are osteoblasts?
Bone forming cells
34
What are osteoclasts?
Bone removing cells
35
What is the function of osteoblasts?
Invade cartilage of early skeleton and deposit mineral salts
36
What is the function of osteocytes?
Maintain bone as it forms and increases in size
37
What are osteocytes?
What osteoblasts become after depositing salts in the bone cartilage
38
How do osteoclasts and osteoblasts work together?
Osteoclasts use enzymes to dissolve bone salts (occurs when new physical activity is taken up) and osteoblasts rebuild the bone
39
Which hormone can influence osteoblasts?
Oestrogen
40
What are the components of a synovial joint?
Synovial joint Ligaments Synovial capsule
41
What covers the end of each bone?
Cartilage
42
How are muscles attached to bone?
Via tendons
43
What is the makeup of skeletal muscles?
Muscle cells consisting of 2 types of protein that can slide past each other using energy supplied by ATP
44
How do muscles contract?
When muscle cells slide past each other, the muscle fibres shorten, making it contract
45
Why do muscles pull but not push?
Proteins cannot slide in the opposite direction to increase muscle length so another muscle is needed to pull it back
46
What is the function of tendons?
Allow muscles to operate at a distance from a bone
47
What are the two most common types of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis | Rheumatoid arthritis
48
What is osteoarthritis?
When cartilage at the end of bones roughens and thins out, meaning tendons and ligaments have to work harder. Causes swelling of joints and formation of osteophytes
49
What are osteophytes?
Bony spurs
50
What causes osteoarthritis?
Usually result of an injury or is associated with other conditions such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis
51
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
When bodies immune system targets joints, leading to pain and swelling
52
Where is the first place affected by rheumatoid arthritis?
Synovium of the joint
53
What are common symptoms of both types of arthritis?
Joint pain, tenderness, or stiffness Inflammation of joints Weakness/muscle wasting
54
What are the treatments for osteoarthritis?
Regular exercise Losing weight Suitable footwear Special devices to reduce joint strain
55
What are the treatments for rheumatoid arthritis?
``` DMARDs Biological treatments JAK inhibitors Painkillers NSAIDs Steroids Surgery ```
56
What does DMARD stand for?
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
57
What does NSAIDs stand for?
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
58
What do DMARDs do?
Block effects of chemicals released when immune system attacks joints Methotrexate is most common med given
59
What are biological treatments?
Given by injection and stop particular chemicals in your blood from activating immune system to attack joints
60
What are NSAIDs?
include ibuprofen and naproxen which relieve pain while reducing inflammation
61
Which surgeries are offered to treat arthritis?
Carpal tunnel release, release of tendons in fingers, removal of inflamed tissue and joint replacements
62
What is osteoporosis?
Health condition that weakens bones, making them fragile and more likely to break Often only diagnosed after a bone fracture
63
What is the stage before osteoporosis known as?
Osteopenia
64
What is osteopenia?
When bone density is lower than the average for an individuals age, but not low enough to be osteoporosis
65
What are the causes of osteoporosis?
Family history, having/had eating disorder or low BMI
66
How is osteoporosis diagnosed?
Bone density scan (DEXA scan)
67
What are the treatments for osteoporosis?
Bisphosphonates SERMs Parathyroid hormones
68
What are Bisphosphonates?
Slow down rate that bone is broken down | Most common treatment for osteoporosis
69
What does SERMs stand for?
Selective oestrogen receptor modulator
70
What are SERMs?
Maintain bone density and reduce risk of fractures
71
What are parathyroid hormones?
Help regulate calcium in the bones | Supplemented via injections
72
How can osteoporosis be prevented?
Regular exercise Healthy eating Daily supplements

Health And Social Care (7 decks)

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