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Health And Social Care > Unit 4- The Digestive System > Flashcards

Unit 4- The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Define mastication

A

Chewing

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2
Q

Describe the structure of the digestive system

A

One long tube from the mouth to the anus

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3
Q

Which organs are a part of the digestive system?

A

Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus

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4
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system?

A

Break down molecules which cannot be absorbed intact into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the blood stream

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5
Q

How is food made easier to swallow in the oral cavity?

A

Saliva is secreted from the salivary glands

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6
Q

How does the body ensure that food doesn’t go down the trachea?

A

The epiglottis closes when we swallow, cutting of access to trachea

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7
Q

Define oesophagus

A

Muscular tube that squeezes food down to stomach

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8
Q

Define peristalsis

A

Action of food being squeezed down to stomach

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9
Q

Define stomach

A

Muscular sack that churns food around and begins chemical digestion

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10
Q

What is food called after leaving the stomach?

A

Chyme

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11
Q

Where does chyme go after leaving the stomach?

A

Duodenum

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12
Q

Define duodenum

A

First part of small intestine

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13
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Where food mixes with bile from the gallbladder and digestive juices from the pancreas

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14
Q

Where is bile made?

A

Liver

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15
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

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16
Q

Where are the digestive juices produced?

A

Pancreas

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17
Q

What do the digestive juices contain?

A

Digestive enzymes and alkaline salts

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18
Q

How do the digestive juices get to the duodenum?

A

Via the pancreatic duct

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19
Q

Define the pancreatic duct?

A

Tube from pancreas to gut

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20
Q

What are the three sections to the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

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21
Q

Describe the structure of the ileum

A

Covered in villi, like a thick carpet

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22
Q

Define villi

A

Small finger-like projections, containing blood vessels

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23
Q

What happens in the Ileum?

A

Nutrients are absorbed into the blood

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24
Q

Which substances move onto the large intestine?

A

Water and food substances that can’t be broken down chemically

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25
Q

What is the large intestine also called?

A

The colon

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26
Q

What lives in the colon?

A

Trillions of bacteria

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27
Q

What is the function of the bacteria in the colon?

A

Feed off undigested food

Produce intestinal gas

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28
Q

What happens in the large intestine?

A

Food and dead bacteria is dried out to form faeces

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29
Q

Where is faeces stored?

A

Rectum

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30
Q

Define rectum?

A

Muscular tube that expels waste

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31
Q

What are the symptoms of IBS?

A 
Bloating
Constipation
Diarrhoea
Abdominal pain 
Indigestion
Flatulence
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32
Q

What does IBS stand for?

A

Irritable bowel syndrome

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33
Q

What are the believed causes of IBS?

A

Oversensitive nerves
Stress
Genetics
Slow/fast digestion

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34
Q

What are the common triggers of IBS symptoms?

A

Alcohol
Caffeine
Fatty/spicy foods
Stress/anxiety

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35
Q

What do doctors advise if an individual is experiencing symptoms of IBS?

A

Avoiding processed foods
Keeping a food diary to identify triggers
Reduce stress
Try probiotics

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36
Q

What medication is offered to treat the bloating that comes with IBS?

A

Bus cop an

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37
Q

What medication is used to treat diarrhoea that comes with IBS?

A

Imodium/Loperamide

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38
Q

What medication is used to treat constipation that comes with IBS?

A

Fybogel or Celevac

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39
Q

What type of diet is recommend by dieticians to manage symptoms of IBS?

A

Low FODMAP diet

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40
Q

What does the low FODMAP diet consist of?

A

Avoiding difficult-to-digest foods such as some types of fruit, milk + wheat product

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41
Q

What type of treatment is offered if stress and anxiety is identified as an IBS trigger?

A

CBT

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42
Q

What are gall stones made up of?

A

Cholesterol

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43
Q

What causes gallstones?

A

Imbalance in bile composition

44
Q

How are gallstones formed?

A

High levels of cholesterol + bilirubin result in formation of crystals that clump to form gallstones

45
Q

What are the risk factors for developing gallstones?

A 
Being female
Obesity
40+
Existing liver damage
IBS
Family history of gallstones
46
Q

What are the symptoms of gallstones?

A 
Abdominal pain
Sweats
Nausea/vomiting
Jaundice
Confusion
Loss of appetite
47
Q

How is an individual diagnosed with gallstones?

A

Ultrasound, CT scan or cholangiography

48
Q

What is a cholangiography?

A

Using a dye to show any abnormalities in the bile/pancreatic systems

49
Q

What is CT scan?

A

Many x-rays being taken from many angles

50
Q

How are gallstones treated if an individual isn’t experiencing any symptoms?

A

Active monitoring

51
Q

What is active monitoring?

A

Letting GP know if and when symptoms are being experienced

52
Q

What increases the likelihood of an individual needing treatment for gallstones?

A

Diabetes

Cirrhosis

53
Q

What treatment is offered for gall stones if an individual is experiencing mild and infrequent pain?

A

Painkillers

54
Q

What treatment is offered for gallstones if the pain is severe and frequent?

A

Surgery

55
Q

What are the types of surgery offered to treat gallstones?

A

Keyhole surgery
Open surgery
ERCP

56
Q

What is keyhole surgery? (In relation to gallstones)

A

A laparoscope is inserted into the body via small incisions on the abdomen, and removes the gallstones

57
Q

What is open surgery? (In relation to gallstones)

A

If a keyhole is unsuccessful, a larger incision is made to remove the gallbladder completely

58
Q

What is an ECRP? (In relation to gallstones)

A

Endoscope passed down mouth to the bile duct and is widened using a hot wire or small incision, to allow gallstones into small intestine

59
Q

What is a laparoscope?

A

Long thin tube with camera and light at the end

Used in laparoscopy

60
Q

What is an endoscope?

A

Long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at the end

Used in endoscopy

61
Q

What does ERCP stand for?

A

Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography

62
Q

What medication is sometimes offered to dissolve gallstones?

A

Ursodeoxycholic acid tablets

63
Q

How are gallstones prevented?

A

Avoid saturated fat
Drinking small amounts of alcohol
Regularly eating nuts
Losing weight

64
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A

Autoimmune disease where immune system attacks own tissues when gluten is consumed, damaging small intestine and hindering digestion

65
Q

What is gluten?

A

Dietary protein found in wheat, barley and rye

66
Q

What are the symptoms of coeliac disease?

A 
Stomach ache
Bloating
Constipation/diarrhoea 
Infertility
Fatigue 
Ataxia
67
Q

What is ataxia?

A

Disorder that affects co-ordination, balance and speech

68
Q

What is the primary treatment of coeliac disease?

A

Following a gluten-free diet

69
Q

What are the complications of coeliac disease?

A

Osteoporosis
Anaemia
Vitamin deficiency

70
Q

What happens in the body of someone with coeliac disease whe gluten is consumed?

A

Immune system mistakes gliadin as threat and the antibodies produced cause inflammation of the intestine, flattening villi and reducing ability to digest food

71
Q

How is coeliac disease diagnosed?

A

Blood test + biopsy

72
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Food being physically broken down into molecules small enough to be used by enzymes

73
Q

Where is mechanical digestion carried out?

A

The mouth and the stomach

74
Q

What is food called once it reaches the stomach?

A

Chyme

75
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Enzymes chemically changing nutrients into smaller, soluble units

76
Q

Name the 4 types of digestive juice

A

Saliva
Gastric juice
Pancreatic juice
Intestinal juice

77
Q

Where is saliva produced?

A

Salivary glands in the mouth

78
Q

Where is gastric juice produced?

A

Gastric glands in stomach

79
Q

Where is pancreatic juice produced?

A

Pancreas

80
Q

Where is intestinal juice produced?

A

Intestinal glands in small intestine

81
Q

Which digestive enzymes are contained in saliva?

A

Ptyalin
Mucin
Amylase

82
Q

Which digestive enzymes are contained within gastric juice?

A

Pepsin

83
Q

Which digestive enzymes are contained within Pancreatic juice?

A

Pancreatic amylase
Trypsin
Lipase

84
Q

Which digestive enzymes are contained within intestinal juice?

A

Lactase, maltase and sucrase
Peptidase
Lipase

85
Q

What does Ptyalin, Mucin

+ Amylase work on?

A

Changing starch into complex sugar

86
Q

What does Pepsin work on?

A

Changing proteins into simpler proteins

87
Q

What does pancreatic amylase work on?

A

Turning starch into complex sugar

88
Q

What does trypsin work on?

A

Turing proteins into simpler proteins

89
Q

What does lipase work on?

A

Turning fats into fatty acids and glycerol

90
Q

Where is hydrochloric acid produced?

A

Pits in the stomach walls

91
Q

What enzyme does the hydrochloric acid in the stomach activate?

A

Pepsin

92
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Breaks down proteins into polypeptides

93
Q

How is chyme neutralised as it enters the duodenum?

A

Adding alkali salts to make it slightly alkaline

94
Q

Where do the alkali salts in the duodenum come from?

A

Bile+pancreatic juice

95
Q

Why does water in the gut present a problem for the digestion of fat?

A

Fat and water don’t mix

96
Q

How is fat digested in the gut?

A

Salts in the bile act as a detergent, breaking up fat into globules that form an emulsion, allowing enzymes to reach the molecules

97
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Produce bile and send it to the gallbladder

98
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Break down fats in the duodenum

99
Q

Where does all blood pass through after leaving the stomach?

A

Liver

100
Q

Describe the structure of the gallbladder

A

hollow, muscular and pear-shaped

3x1.5 inches

101
Q

Where does the tapered end of the gall bladder connect to?

A

The cystic duct, which connects to the common hepatic duct. Both merge to form common bile duct

102
Q

Describe the structure of the pancreas

A

6 inches long

103
Q

What is the function of the pancreas in the endocrine system?

A

Secrete insulin and glucagon

104
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Lower blood glucose when levels are too high

105
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

Increases blood glucouse when levels are too low

Health And Social Care (7 decks)

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