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Health And Social Care > Unit 4- The Circulatory System > Flashcards

Unit 4- The Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define Platelet.

A

A type of blood cell that helps blood clot so injuries scab over. No colour or nucleus

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2
Q

Define White blood cells.

A

Type of blood cell that engulf and destroy many bacteria’s, fungi and viruses. They form our immune system and protect us from developing infections

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3
Q

Define Neutrophils (neutrocytes)

A

Most common type of white blood cells in humans. Essential to immune system

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4
Q

Define lymphocytes.

A

Form of small leucocyte (wbc) with a single nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system

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5
Q

Define Monocytes.

A

Type of wbc that influence the process of adaptive immunity, when we are given an immunisation injection

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6
Q

Describe the shape of red blood cells

A

Large surface area, disc like in shape

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7
Q

What to red blood cells contain?

A

Haemoglobin, an iron rich protein responsible for assisting the transportation of oxygen to all cells

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8
Q

Where are red blood cells made?

A

In the bone marrow

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9
Q

What is the lifespan of red blood cells?

A

120 days

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10
Q

What are red blood cells also called?

A

Erythrocytes

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11
Q

Define plasma

A

Liquid that the red blood cells float in and the fluid given by paramedics to bring up blood pressure

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12
Q

What are the six functions of the blood?

A

1) Transportation of gases
2) Transportation of nutrients
3) Transportation of waste
4) Maintain temperature
5) Fights infections
6) Clots wounds

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13
Q

Explain “transportation of gases”

A

Blood transports oxygen away from the lungs and around the body and transports CO2 to the lungs from the body

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14
Q

Explain “transportation of nutrients”

A

Blood transports nutrients to the cells in our body, such as glucose

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15
Q

Explain “transportation of waste”

A

Blood takes away waste products such as lactic acid (produced in aerobic respiration)

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16
Q

Explain “maintain temperature”

A

By maintaining good circulation, the blood flow keeps your core body temp at steady 37°C

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17
Q

Explain “fights infection”

A

White blood cells help kill pathogens and microbes that stray into the body. They also build immunities

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18
Q

Explain “clots wounds”

A

Substances like platelets and fibrin in the blood help clot wounds

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19
Q

What type of blood does the right hand side of the heart receive?

A

De-oxygenated blood

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20
Q

How does the right side of the heart receive blood?

A

From the Vena Cava to the Right Atrium

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21
Q

Where does the de-oxygenated blood pass through?

A

The Tricuspid valve into the Right Ventricle

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22
Q

How does blood get to the lungs?

A

Pumped under high pressure from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery

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23
Q

What type of blood does the left hand side of the heart receive?

A

Oxygenated blood

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24
Q

How does the heart receive the oxygenated blood?

A

From the lungs via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium

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25
Q

How does the oxygenated blood get to the aorta?

A

Through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle

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26
Q

What are the benefits of having blood travel at a high pressure?

A

It ensures that blood travels effectively to other parts of the body via the arteries, arterioles and capillaries

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27
Q

Which heartbeat do the semilunar valves make up?

A

2nd

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28
Q

How do the semilunar valves open?

A

Ventricles contract, introventricular pressure rises and blood is pushed against them, forcing them open

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29
Q

How do semilunar valves close?

A

Ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls causing blood to flow back from the arteries, filling the cusps of the semilunar valves, forcing them to close

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30
Q

How much blood does the average human body contain?

A

5 litres

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31
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of?

A

The heart, the lungs and the blood vessels

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32
Q

What 3 parts make up the circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary circulation
Coronary circulation
Systemic circulation

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33
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

The lungs

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34
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

The heart

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35
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

The rest of the circulatory system

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36
Q

What does the heart act as?

A

A double pump

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37
Q

What does the 1st pump do?

A

Carries oxygen-poor blood to your lungs where it unloads CO2 and picks up oxygen to deliver back to the heart

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38
Q

What does the 2nd pump do?

A

Delivers oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body

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39
Q

Define Diastole

A

The phase of the heart beat where the heart muscle relaxes and allows chambers to fill with blood, forming one part of a blood pressure reading

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40
Q

Define systole

A

Phase of heart beat where heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers to the arteries

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41
Q

Describe the stages of the Cardiac Cycle

A
  1. Venous return to right atrium
  2. Venous flow arrives in right ventricle
  3. Venous blood is sent in the lungs via the pulmonary artery
  4. After oxygenation, blood returns to left atrium
  5. Red blood arrives in left ventricle
  6. Red blood is sent in arteries to tissues
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42
Q

What percentage of the blood does plasma make up?

A

55%

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43
Q

What is plasma composed of?

A

Mainly water, glucose, amino acids, salt, CO2 and other poisonous waste

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44
Q

What is the other 45% of blood composed of?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

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45
Q

What does ECG stand for?

A

Electrocardiogram

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46
Q

What is an ECG?

A

A test that records the rhythm and electrical activity of an individual’s heart

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47
Q

How is an ECG carried out?

A

Small sticky patches called ‘electrodes’ are put on your arms, legs and chest which are connected to an ECG recording machine which picks up heartbeat signals

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48
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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49
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry OXYGENATED blood AWAY from the heart

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50
Q

Describe the structure of arteries

A

Made up of thick elastic fibres and muscle

51
Q

What is the largest artery called?

A

Aorta

52
Q

How do arteries maintain the flow of blood?

A

When blood enters, they expand and recoil

53
Q

What do arteries branch out into?

A

Smaller distributive arteries and then eventually arterioles.

54
Q

How do distributive arteries regulate blood flow?

A

They have muscular walls

55
Q

What can happen if arteries contract too much, too frequently?

A

Blood pressure can increase harmfully

56
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Microscopic tubes covered by a sieve like membrane

57
Q

How are capillaries structured?

A

Walls only 1 cell thick, with a sieve like membrane

58
Q

How do capillaries receive oxygen?

A

Arteries take blood with oxygen and nutrients to capillary beds that surround and interweave between tissues and cells

59
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

To supply the tissues with oxygen and nutrients, whilst removing waste

60
Q

What are Veins?

A

Small blood vessels known as venules join together to form veins

61
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A

Large internal diameters with thinner walls than arteries that contain less muscle and elastic tissue

62
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

To carry DE-OXYGENATED blood back to the heart

63
Q

Why are veins buried between our muscles?

A

Because of the lower pressure, the movement of our muscles help move blood along

64
Q

Why do veins have valves?

A

To ensure blood flow in the right direction and prevent back flow

65
Q

What can happen with blockages in the veins?

A

Varicose veins

66
Q

How are materials allowed in and out of cells?

A

Capillaries

67
Q

Describe hydrostatic pressure?

A

Water in the plasma is forced out of capillaries by the pressure of the hearts contraction, taking with it dissolved nutrients and oxygen from the oxyhaemoglobin in the red blood cells

68
Q

Which blood protein is unable to pass through the capillary membrane?

A

Albumin

69
Q

Why must fluid in the tissue return to the circulatory system?

A

An individual’s limbs would swell with accumulated tissue fluid (oedema) which can be fatal

70
Q

How is tissue fluid returned to capillaries?

A

Osmosis

71
Q

Define osmosis

A

Movement through a semi-permeable membrane from a weak solution to a strong solution

72
Q

How is fluid drawn back into the capillaries?

A

The albumin remaining in the capillaries make the solution stronger, which draws in the fluid (osmotic pressure)

73
Q

What does water bring back to the capillaries?

A

Dissolved CO2 and other waste products

74
Q

What percentage of fluid isn’t reabsorbed by the capillaries and drains to the lymphatic system?

A

10%

75
Q

Where does the extra-cellular fluid drain to?

A

Lymph capillaries, leading to lymph vessels to join circulatory system at top of chest

76
Q

How does the lymphatic system help maintain correct blood volume?

A

Remaining 10% of fluid is reabsorbed into the blood

77
Q

How is the lymphatic system similar to the immune system?

A

Lymph is similar to blood plasma in that in contains lymphocytes which screen returning tissue fluid for pathogens

78
Q

Define ‘glands swelling’

A

Nodes swell while fighting off infections

79
Q

Define hypertension

A

High blood pressure

80
Q

What makes up coronary heart disease

A

Angina

Heart Attacks

81
Q

What are the two types of Angina?

A

Stable angina

Unstable angina

82
Q

What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?

A

Stable angina attacks usually have a trigger, whereas unstable angina attacks are more unpredictable and can continue despite resting

83
Q

What causes Angina?

A

Reduced blood flow to the heart muscles, caused by a build up of fat in the arteries

84
Q

What are angina attacks a warning sign of?

A

Heart attack or a stroke

85
Q

What are the symptoms of angina?

A

Tight, dull or heavy chest pain that spreads to your left arm, neck, jaw or back

86
Q

How is angina treated?

A

Life-long medication that will treat attacks, prevent further attacks and reduce risk of heart attacks and strokes

87
Q

What is the most common type of medication used to treat angina?

A

Glyceryl trinitate

88
Q

Describe lymph nodes

A

Small, beanshaped organs

89
Q

What is produced in the lymph nodes?

A

Lymphocytes

90
Q

What are lymph nodes a source of?

A

Antibodies in the immune system

91
Q

Where are lymph nodes found?

A

Behind ears, armpits, groin

92
Q

What are the two types of surgery to treat angina?

A

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

93
Q

What is a Coronary artery bypass graft?

A

Where a section of blood vessel is taken from another part of the body and used to reroute blood around the blocked section of artery

94
Q

What is a Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

A

Where a narrowed section of artery is widened, using a tiny tube called a ‘stent’

95
Q

What medication is used to treat unstable angina?

A

Low-dose aspirin
Dopidogrel
Injection of blood thinner

96
Q

What medication are used to prevent angina attacks?

A

Beta blockers

Calcium channel blockers

97
Q

What do beta blockers do in terms of angina?

A

Make the heart beat slower with less force

98
Q

What do calcium channel blockers do in terms of angina?

A

Relax arteries and increase blood flow to the heart

99
Q

What do coronary arteries do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood from the aorta to the heart

100
Q

What is a heart attack also called?

A

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

101
Q

What causes a heart attack?

A

A build up of fatty deposits in the arteries

102
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

Build up of fatty deposits that narrow arteries

103
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

Build up of fatty deposits in artery

104
Q

What are the symptoms of a heart attack?

A

Chest pain that radiates to jaw, neck, arms and back
Shortness of breath
Weakness or fatigue
Overwhelming sense of doom

105
Q

Which heart attack treatment is offered if symptoms started within the past 12 hours?

A

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

106
Q

Which heart attack treatment is offered if symptoms started within the past 12 hours but a PCI cannot be accessed?

A

Medication that breaks down blood clots

107
Q

Which heart attack treatment is offered if symptoms started more than 12 hours ago?

A

Treatment decided after an angiogram, PCI or bypass surgery

108
Q

How can heart attacks be prevented?

A

Regular exercise
Don’t smoke
Limit alcohol
Manage stress

109
Q

Define Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

110
Q

What are the causes of hypertension?

A 
Genetics
Diet high in salt or fat
High cholesterol
Kidney/hormone problems
Diabetes
111
Q

What are the symptoms?

A 
Chest pain
Dizziness
Blood in urine
Nose bleeds
Shortness of breath
112
Q

How is hypertension monitored

A

Measuring blood pressure twice a day and having regular doctor check ups

113
Q

How is hypertension treated?

A

Improving lifestyle (healthy eating, regular exercise)

114
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A 
Erythrocytes
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Platelets
Plasma
115
Q

Define myogenic

A

beats automatically without stimulation by nerves

116
Q

What coordinates the heart beat?

A

Pacemaker at top right hand side of the heart

117
Q

How is BMI calculated?

A

Weight (kg) / height (m)2

118
Q

How is blood pressure calculated?

A

A cuff is placed round your arm and restricts blood flow
Pressure is released while stethoscope listens to your pulse
Pressure recorded at 2 points to make up the blood pressure reading

119
Q

What machine is used to measure blood pressure?

A

A sphygmomanometer

120
Q

What is the function of the SA node?

A

Make atria contract

121
Q

How is the electrical current from the SA node prevented from passing through to the ventricles?

A

Layer of tissue between atria and ventricles

122
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

Receive the current at the top of the ventricles and slow it down to let the ventricles fill with blood

123
Q

What is the function of the Purkyne fibres?

A

Carry current between ventricles to apex of heart

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