Unit 4- The Circulatory System Flashcards
1
Q
Define Platelet.
A
A type of blood cell that helps blood clot so injuries scab over. No colour or nucleus
2
Q
Define White blood cells.
A
Type of blood cell that engulf and destroy many bacteria’s, fungi and viruses. They form our immune system and protect us from developing infections
3
Q
Define Neutrophils (neutrocytes)
A
Most common type of white blood cells in humans. Essential to immune system
4
Q
Define lymphocytes.
A
Form of small leucocyte (wbc) with a single nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system
5
Q
Define Monocytes.
A
Type of wbc that influence the process of adaptive immunity, when we are given an immunisation injection
6
Q
Describe the shape of red blood cells
A
Large surface area, disc like in shape
7
Q
What to red blood cells contain?
A
Haemoglobin, an iron rich protein responsible for assisting the transportation of oxygen to all cells
8
Q
Where are red blood cells made?
A
In the bone marrow
9
Q
What is the lifespan of red blood cells?
A
120 days
10
Q
What are red blood cells also called?
A
Erythrocytes
11
Q
Define plasma
A
Liquid that the red blood cells float in and the fluid given by paramedics to bring up blood pressure
12
Q
What are the six functions of the blood?
A
1) Transportation of gases
2) Transportation of nutrients
3) Transportation of waste
4) Maintain temperature
5) Fights infections
6) Clots wounds
13
Q
Explain “transportation of gases”
A
Blood transports oxygen away from the lungs and around the body and transports CO2 to the lungs from the body
14
Q
Explain “transportation of nutrients”
A
Blood transports nutrients to the cells in our body, such as glucose
15
Q
Explain “transportation of waste”
A
Blood takes away waste products such as lactic acid (produced in aerobic respiration)
16
Q
Explain “maintain temperature”
A
By maintaining good circulation, the blood flow keeps your core body temp at steady 37°C
17
Q
Explain “fights infection”
A
White blood cells help kill pathogens and microbes that stray into the body. They also build immunities
18
Q
Explain “clots wounds”
A
Substances like platelets and fibrin in the blood help clot wounds
19
Q
What type of blood does the right hand side of the heart receive?
A
De-oxygenated blood
20
Q
How does the right side of the heart receive blood?
A
From the Vena Cava to the Right Atrium
21
Q
Where does the de-oxygenated blood pass through?
A
The Tricuspid valve into the Right Ventricle
22
Q
How does blood get to the lungs?
A
Pumped under high pressure from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary artery
23
Q
What type of blood does the left hand side of the heart receive?
A
Oxygenated blood
24
Q
How does the heart receive the oxygenated blood?
A
From the lungs via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium
25
How does the oxygenated blood get to the aorta?
Through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
26
What are the benefits of having blood travel at a high pressure?
It ensures that blood travels effectively to other parts of the body via the arteries, arterioles and capillaries
27
Which heartbeat do the semilunar valves make up?
2nd
28
How do the semilunar valves open?
Ventricles contract, introventricular pressure rises and blood is pushed against them, forcing them open
29
How do semilunar valves close?
Ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls causing blood to flow back from the arteries, filling the cusps of the semilunar valves, forcing them to close
30
How much blood does the average human body contain?
5 litres
31
What is the circulatory system made up of?
The heart, the lungs and the blood vessels
32
What 3 parts make up the circulatory system?
Pulmonary circulation
Coronary circulation
Systemic circulation
33
What is pulmonary circulation
The lungs
34
What is coronary circulation?
The heart
35
What is systemic circulation?
The rest of the circulatory system
36
What does the heart act as?
A double pump
37
What does the 1st pump do?
Carries oxygen-poor blood to your lungs where it unloads CO2 and picks up oxygen to deliver back to the heart
38
What does the 2nd pump do?
Delivers oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body
39
Define Diastole
The phase of the heart beat where the heart muscle relaxes and allows chambers to fill with blood, forming one part of a blood pressure reading
40
Define systole
Phase of heart beat where heart muscle contracts and pumps blood from the chambers to the arteries
41
Describe the stages of the Cardiac Cycle
1. Venous return to right atrium
2. Venous flow arrives in right ventricle
3. Venous blood is sent in the lungs via the pulmonary artery
4. After oxygenation, blood returns to left atrium
5. Red blood arrives in left ventricle
6. Red blood is sent in arteries to tissues
42
What percentage of the blood does plasma make up?
55%
43
What is plasma composed of?
Mainly water, glucose, amino acids, salt, CO2 and other poisonous waste
44
What is the other 45% of blood composed of?
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
45
What does ECG stand for?
Electrocardiogram
46
What is an ECG?
A test that records the rhythm and electrical activity of an individual’s heart
47
How is an ECG carried out?
Small sticky patches called ‘electrodes’ are put on your arms, legs and chest which are connected to an ECG recording machine which picks up heartbeat signals
48
What are the 3 types of blood vessels?
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
49
What are arteries?
Blood vessels that carry OXYGENATED blood AWAY from the heart
50
Describe the structure of arteries
Made up of thick elastic fibres and muscle
51
What is the largest artery called?
Aorta
52
How do arteries maintain the flow of blood?
When blood enters, they expand and recoil
53
What do arteries branch out into?
Smaller distributive arteries and then eventually arterioles.
54
How do distributive arteries regulate blood flow?
They have muscular walls
55
What can happen if arteries contract too much, too frequently?
Blood pressure can increase harmfully
56
What are capillaries?
Microscopic tubes covered by a sieve like membrane
57
How are capillaries structured?
Walls only 1 cell thick, with a sieve like membrane
58
How do capillaries receive oxygen?
Arteries take blood with oxygen and nutrients to capillary beds that surround and interweave between tissues and cells
59
What is the function of capillaries?
To supply the tissues with oxygen and nutrients, whilst removing waste
60
What are Veins?
Small blood vessels known as venules join together to form veins
61
Describe the structure of veins
Large internal diameters with thinner walls than arteries that contain less muscle and elastic tissue
62
What is the function of veins?
To carry DE-OXYGENATED blood back to the heart
63
Why are veins buried between our muscles?
Because of the lower pressure, the movement of our muscles help move blood along
64
Why do veins have valves?
To ensure blood flow in the right direction and prevent back flow
65
What can happen with blockages in the veins?
Varicose veins
66
How are materials allowed in and out of cells?
Capillaries
67
Describe hydrostatic pressure?
Water in the plasma is forced out of capillaries by the pressure of the hearts contraction, taking with it dissolved nutrients and oxygen from the oxyhaemoglobin in the red blood cells
68
Which blood protein is unable to pass through the capillary membrane?
Albumin
69
Why must fluid in the tissue return to the circulatory system?
An individual’s limbs would swell with accumulated tissue fluid (oedema) which can be fatal
70
How is tissue fluid returned to capillaries?
Osmosis
71
Define osmosis
Movement through a semi-permeable membrane from a weak solution to a strong solution
72
How is fluid drawn back into the capillaries?
The albumin remaining in the capillaries make the solution stronger, which draws in the fluid (osmotic pressure)
73
What does water bring back to the capillaries?
Dissolved CO2 and other waste products
74
What percentage of fluid isn’t reabsorbed by the capillaries and drains to the lymphatic system?
10%
75
Where does the extra-cellular fluid drain to?
Lymph capillaries, leading to lymph vessels to join circulatory system at top of chest
76
How does the lymphatic system help maintain correct blood volume?
Remaining 10% of fluid is reabsorbed into the blood
77
How is the lymphatic system similar to the immune system?
Lymph is similar to blood plasma in that in contains lymphocytes which screen returning tissue fluid for pathogens
78
Define ‘glands swelling’
Nodes swell while fighting off infections
79
Define hypertension
High blood pressure
80
What makes up coronary heart disease
Angina
| Heart Attacks
81
What are the two types of Angina?
Stable angina
| Unstable angina
82
What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?
Stable angina attacks usually have a trigger, whereas unstable angina attacks are more unpredictable and can continue despite resting
83
What causes Angina?
Reduced blood flow to the heart muscles, caused by a build up of fat in the arteries
84
What are angina attacks a warning sign of?
Heart attack or a stroke
85
What are the symptoms of angina?
Tight, dull or heavy chest pain that spreads to your left arm, neck, jaw or back
86
How is angina treated?
Life-long medication that will treat attacks, prevent further attacks and reduce risk of heart attacks and strokes
87
What is the most common type of medication used to treat angina?
Glyceryl trinitate
88
Describe lymph nodes
Small, beanshaped organs
89
What is produced in the lymph nodes?
Lymphocytes
90
What are lymph nodes a source of?
Antibodies in the immune system
91
Where are lymph nodes found?
Behind ears, armpits, groin
92
What are the two types of surgery to treat angina?
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
| Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
93
What is a Coronary artery bypass graft?
Where a section of blood vessel is taken from another part of the body and used to reroute blood around the blocked section of artery
94
What is a Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
Where a narrowed section of artery is widened, using a tiny tube called a ‘stent’
95
What medication is used to treat unstable angina?
Low-dose aspirin
Dopidogrel
Injection of blood thinner
96
What medication are used to prevent angina attacks?
Beta blockers
| Calcium channel blockers
97
What do beta blockers do in terms of angina?
Make the heart beat slower with less force
98
What do calcium channel blockers do in terms of angina?
Relax arteries and increase blood flow to the heart
99
What do coronary arteries do?
Carry oxygenated blood from the aorta to the heart
100
What is a heart attack also called?
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
101
What causes a heart attack?
A build up of fatty deposits in the arteries
102
Define atherosclerosis
Build up of fatty deposits that narrow arteries
103
What is coronary artery disease?
Build up of fatty deposits in artery
104
What are the symptoms of a heart attack?
Chest pain that radiates to jaw, neck, arms and back
Shortness of breath
Weakness or fatigue
Overwhelming sense of doom
105
Which heart attack treatment is offered if symptoms started within the past 12 hours?
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
106
Which heart attack treatment is offered if symptoms started within the past 12 hours but a PCI cannot be accessed?
Medication that breaks down blood clots
107
Which heart attack treatment is offered if symptoms started more than 12 hours ago?
Treatment decided after an angiogram, PCI or bypass surgery
108
How can heart attacks be prevented?
Regular exercise
Don’t smoke
Limit alcohol
Manage stress
109
Define Hypertension
High blood pressure
110
What are the causes of hypertension?
```
Genetics
Diet high in salt or fat
High cholesterol
Kidney/hormone problems
Diabetes
```
111
What are the symptoms?
```
Chest pain
Dizziness
Blood in urine
Nose bleeds
Shortness of breath
```
112
How is hypertension monitored
Measuring blood pressure twice a day and having regular doctor check ups
113
How is hypertension treated?
Improving lifestyle (healthy eating, regular exercise)
114
What is the composition of blood?
```
Erythrocytes
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Platelets
Plasma
```
115
Define myogenic
beats automatically without stimulation by nerves
116
What coordinates the heart beat?
Pacemaker at top right hand side of the heart
117
How is BMI calculated?
Weight (kg) / height (m)2
118
How is blood pressure calculated?
A cuff is placed round your arm and restricts blood flow
Pressure is released while stethoscope listens to your pulse
Pressure recorded at 2 points to make up the blood pressure reading
119
What machine is used to measure blood pressure?
A sphygmomanometer
120
What is the function of the SA node?
Make atria contract
121
How is the electrical current from the SA node prevented from passing through to the ventricles?
Layer of tissue between atria and ventricles
122
What is the function of the AV node?
Receive the current at the top of the ventricles and slow it down to let the ventricles fill with blood
123
What is the function of the Purkyne fibres?
Carry current between ventricles to apex of heart
