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Health And Social Care > Unit 4- The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Unit 4- The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define the respiratory system

A

Series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Define Trachea

A

wind pipe

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3
Q

How is our trachea protected from food?

A

Epiglottis closes when we swallow

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4
Q

Define larynx

A

Enlarged area at the top of the trachea

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5
Q

What does the larynx contain?

A

Muscles and ligaments which form our vocal chords

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6
Q

What does the trachea branch into?

A

Two large tubes called the bronchii

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7
Q

Where does each bronchus lead?

A

Into each of our lungs

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8
Q

What does each bronchus branch into?

A

Many bronchioles

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9
Q

What do the bronchioles branch into?

A

Millions of tiny elasticated cavities called alveoli

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10
Q

What are alveoli surrounded by?

A

Capillaries

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11
Q

What happens in the capillaries

A

Oxygen uptake and CO2 disposal

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12
Q

How are the trachea, bronchus and bronchioles kept open?

A

Rings of cartilage

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13
Q

What would happen if the trachea, bronchus and bronchioles didn’t have rings of cartilage keeping them open?

A

They would collapse when we breathe

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14
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the walls of the trachea, bronchus and bronchioles?

A

Allows them to dilate or constrict to vary the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs

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15
Q

What do malfunctions of the muscles in the trachea, bronchus and bronchioles cause?

A

Symptoms of asthma

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16
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the lining of the trachea, bronchus and bronchioles?

A

Mucus

Cilia

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17
Q

What is the function of mucus?

A

Sticky, slimy fluid that traps dirt and bacteria when breathed in

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18
Q

What is the function of cilia?

A

Microscopic hair-like extensions that move backwards and forwards to move mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed

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19
Q

What can cause damage to cilia?

A

Cilia are paralysed by chemicals in cigarette smoke and so smokers lungs tend to be dirtier and they cough more as it’s the only way to clear the mucus

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20
Q

Where are the lungs located?

A

Cavity called the thorax

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21
Q

What is located at the side and top of the thorax and rib cage?

A

Two sets of intercostal muscles (internal and external)

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22
Q

How are the lungs separated from the digestive system?

A

Domed sheet of muscle called the diaphragm

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23
Q

What surrounds each lung?

A

Double set of coverings called the pleural membranes

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24
Q

What is between the pleural membranes?

A

A narrow space filled with fluid called the pleural fluid

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25
Q

What is the function of pleural fluid?

A

Makes the membranes stick to each other

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26
Q

What are the pleural membranes attached to?

A

One membrane attaches to the lung itself with the other attached to the rib cage and diaphragm

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27
Q

What do the pleural membranes cause the lungs to be indirectly attached to?

A

The rib cage and diaphragm

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28
Q

Define breathing

A

Movement of air in and out of the lungs

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29
Q

Define inspiration

A

Inhaling

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30
Q

Define expiration

A

Exhaling

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31
Q

What is the role of the intercostal muscles?

A

External intercostal muscles contract, drawing air into the lungs

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32
Q

How does the rib cage move when inhaling?

A

Swings up and out as the rib cage is hinged to spine

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33
Q

Describe the movement of the diaphragm during inhalation

A

Pushes down on digestive organs below

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34
Q

How is inhalation carried out?

A

Lungs follow ribcage and diaphragm and stretch, opening the microscopic alveoli and increasing internal volume of the lungs
Air rushes in due to lowering of air pressure, and inflate the alveoli

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35
Q

What is the role of the diaphragm?

A

Carry out expiration by stopping contracting

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36
Q

How is exhalation carried out?

A

Diaphragm recoils upwards into domed position, gravity causes ribcage to drop
Volume of lungs decreases, causing increase in air pressure, forcing air out

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37
Q

How is coughing carried out?

A

Internal intercostal muscles contract, to pull ribcage back down with more force

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38
Q

What is the role of the intercostal muscles during respiration?

A

Prevent friction when lungs move

Essential to inflating and deflating of lungs

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39
Q

What happens if the pleural cavity is punctured?

A

The affected lung will not inflate

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40
Q

Define gaseous exchange

A

Process of oxygen entering the blood and CO2 being removed from it

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41
Q

Where does gaseous exchange occur?

A

Alveoli

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42
Q

What 3 ways have the alveoli adapted to increase efficiency of gaseous exchange?

A

Large surface area (2 tennis courts), means large amount of GE can occur
Thin walls mean minimal distance for gas to pass through
Inner surface walls coated with water, allows oxygen to dissolve before travelling

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43
Q

Define concentration gradient

A

When particles diffuse from high to low concentration until they are evenly spaced

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44
Q

Explain concentration gradients in terms of gaseous exchange

A

Higher oxygen concentration in air than the blood, so oxygen diffuses into the blood
OXYGEN+HAEMOGLOBIN= OXYHEMOGLOBIN

CO2 diffuses in opposite direction

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45
Q

Define asthma

A

Common lung condition that causes occasional breathing difficulties

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46
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

Whistling sound when breathing
Breathlessness
Tight chest
Coughing

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47
Q

Define asthma attack

A

When asthma symptoms get temporarily worse

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48
Q

What causes asthma?

A

Swelling of trachea, highly sensitive, temporarily narrow

May happen randomly or after exposure to trigger

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49
Q

What are common asthma triggers?

A 
Allergies
Smoke
Pollution
Cold air
Exercise
Colds or flu
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50
Q

How is asthma treated?

A

An inhaler, a small device that lets you breathe in medication

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51
Q

What are the two types of inhaler used to treat asthma?

A 
Reliever inhaler (quickly, short term)
Preventer inhaler (used daily to prevent symptoms)
52
Q

What are the problems caused by badly controlled asthma?

A 
Fatigue 
Underperformance
Anxiety or depression
Unplanned GP visits 
Lung infections
Delays in puberty
53
Q

What are the three key malfunctions of the respiratory system?

A

Asthma
Emphysema
Cystic Fibrosis

54
Q

What does COPD stand for?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

55
Q

Define chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Group of lung conditions that cause breathing problems

56
Q

Define emphysema

A

Damage to alveoli in the lungs

57
Q

Define cystic fibrosis

A

Build up of mucus in lungs and digestive system

58
Q

Define asthma

A

Lung condition that causes breathing difficulties

59
Q

How is the alveoli damaged when experiencing emphysema?

A

Inner alveoli walls weaken and rupture over time, creating large air spaces instead of many small ones.

60
Q

What are the consequences of damaged alveoli?

A

Surface area is reduced and less oxygen is diffused across during gaseous exchange. Old air becomes trapped, leaving less room for oxygen-rich air.

61
Q

What do most people with emphysema also experience?

A

Chronic bronchitis

62
Q

Define chronic bronchitis

A

Inflammation of bronchial tubes

63
Q

What is the main symptom of emphysema?

A

Shortness of breath

64
Q

What is the main cause of emphysema?

A

Long term exposure to airborne irritants such as tobacco, marijuana, air pollution and chemical fumes

65
Q

What are the risk factors in developing emphysema?

A 
Smoking 
Age
Second hand smoke exposure
Exposure to fumes or dust
Indoor+outdoor pollution
66
Q

How is emphysema prevented?

A

Don’t smoke, avoid second hand smoke exposure and wear masks to protect lungs when around saw dust and other fumes

67
Q

Which medications are used to treat emphysema?

A

Bronchodilators
Inhaled steroids
Antibiotics

68
Q

What therapies are used to treat emphysema?

A 
Pulmonary rehabilitation (breathing exercises and techniques)
Supplemental oxygen
69
Q

What surgeries are offered to treat emphysema?

A

Lung volume reduction (removing dead tissue to help lung efficiency)
Lung transplant

70
Q

What are the consequences of cystic fibrosis?

A

Increased risk of lung infections

Inability to digest properly due to mucus blocking the pancreas

71
Q

What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A

Recurring chest infections
Wheezing or coughing
Difficulty putting on weight
Jaundice

72
Q

How is cystic fibrosis treated?

A 
Medication 
Bronchodilators
Steroid machine
Exercise
Airway clearance techniques
73
Q

Which medications are used to treat cystic fibrosis?

A 
Dornase Alfa (thins mucus)
Ivacaftor (reduce mucus)
74
Q

Which airway clearance techniques are used to treat cystic fibrosis?

A

ACBT
Autogenic drainage
Airway clearance devices

75
Q

Which conditions do individuals with cystic fibrosis have a higher chance of developing?

A 
Osteoporosis 
Diabetes
Nasal polyps
Liver problems 
Fertility problems
76
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis?

A

A faulty gene that affects the movement of salt and water in and out of the cells

77
Q

Define Peak flow test

A

Measurement of how quickly you can blow air out of your lungs (used to diagnose and monitor asthma)

78
Q

How is physiotherapy used to treat lung conditions?

A

Enhances airway clearance in COPD treatment

79
Q

Define spirometer

A

A test to measure how much air you can blow out in 1 breath

80
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The aerobic process in which glucose is broken down to release energy and form ATP molecules

81
Q

Why is oxygen essential for cellular respiration?

A

The necessary reactions couldn’t take place without oxygen, meaning cells would not function correctly

82
Q

What chemical reaction takes place during cellular respiration?

A

Glucose➡️ADP➡️ATP

83
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

adenosine diphosphate

84
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

85
Q

What is the role of ATP and ADP?

A

ATP is the bodies way of storing energy and when cells require it, it converts into ADP, releasing a phosphate molecule and an energy release

86
Q

What are the three stages within cellular respiration?

A

1) Glycolysis
2) The Krebs cycle
3) Electron Transport Chain

87
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

88
Q

What type of process is glycolysis?

A

Anaerobic

89
Q

What is the byproduct of glycolysis?

A

Lactic acidosis

90
Q

Describe the process of glycolysis

A

Glucose broken down into pyruvic acid and an energy release

2ATP + 2NAD = 4ATP (net profit of 2ATP)+ 2 Pyruvates + 2 NADH

91
Q

What does NAD stand for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

92
Q

What is the role of NAD

A

accepts and donates electrons

93
Q

What type of process is the Krebs cycle?

A

Aerobic process

94
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle happen?

A

Mitochondria

95
Q

Define anaerobic

A

Doesn’t require oxygen

96
Q

Define aerobic

A

Requires oxygen

97
Q

Describe the process of the Krebs cycle

A

Takes products of glycolysis and creates ATP (2 per glucose molecule) and more energy release
[Pyruvate’s oxidised creating 3NADH which leads to more ATP]

98
Q

What is the waste product of the Krebs cycle?

A

Citric acid

99
Q

How is CO2 produced in terms of the Krebs Cycle?

A

Carbon gets cleaved from the citric acid, leaving CO2 to be expired

100
Q

What type of process is the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Aerobic

101
Q

Describe the process of the Electron Transport Chain

A

NADH and other outputs provide the energy to force electrons through the ATP synthase, creating more ATP

102
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Pyruvic acid being converted into lactic acid through glycolysis

103
Q

When is anaerobic respiration necessary?

A

When extra ATP is needed. Supplements energy provided by aerobic respiration

104
Q

Describe lactic acid

A

Poisonous to muscles
Build up causes fatigue
Broken down in mitochondria

105
Q

What are the physical effects of asthma on an individual?

A

Insomnia
Inability to play sports
Expensive inhalers+medication

106
Q

What are the emotional effects of asthma?

A

Anger or frustration bc you can’t do what you want

Jealousy at others who can do what you can’t

107
Q

What are the social effects of asthma on an individual?

A

Distancing themselves from friends due to embarrassment

108
Q

What are the physical effects of emphysema?

A

Expensive medication
Nicotine and getting help to quit smoking might be expensive
Insomnia
Might miss work

109
Q

What are the emotional effects of emphysema on an individual?

A

Fatigue or depression

Guilt surrounding previous bad habits

110
Q

What are the social effects of emphysema on an individual?

A

Miss school or work

Avoid socialisation

111
Q

What are the physical impacts of cystic fibrosis on an individual?

A

Malnutrition
Stunted growth
Insomnia from coughing

112
Q

What are the emotional effects of cystic fibrosis on an individual?

A

Embarrassment
Frustration
Jealous of others w/o it

113
Q

What are the social effects of cystic fibrosis on an individual?

A

Can’t play sports with friends

May avoid meeting with friends

114
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis?

A

Recessive faulty gene

115
Q

What is contained within the plasma membrane?

A

CFTR protein

116
Q

What does CFTR stand for?

A

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

117
Q

What is the function of the CFTR carrier protein?

A

transport chloride ions across the plasma membrane

118
Q

Where is mucus produced?

A

Goblet cells in the trachea

119
Q

How is the mucus moved up the trachea?

A

The ciliated epithelial cells

120
Q

How is water moved into the mucus?

A

Chloride ions moved into the mucus via active transport, which lowers the water potential in the mucus, making water move into it via osmosis

121
Q

How is the CFTR carrier protein different in someone with cystic fibrosis?

A

Different tertiary structure, meaning it doesn’t carry chloride ions, so water potential remains high in the mucus and water doesn’t move in

122
Q

How are lung infections caused in someone with cystic fibrosis?

A

Bacteria is still trapped in the mucus but can’t be removed

123
Q

How can a build up of phagocytes cause damage to the lungs?

A

As the phagocytes all flock to the lungs to engulf the bacteria, they clump together, reducing the surface area of the lungs

124
Q

How can mucus build up affect the reproductive system?

A

It can block the ducts carrying gametes, leading to infertility- particularly in males

125
Q

What is the simple equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose➡️Lactic acid

126
Q

What is glucose broken down into?

A

Pyruvates

127
Q

What are the two types of specialised cell found within the lining of the trachea and bronchii?

A

Glandular cells that produce mucus

Cilia that move mucus

Health And Social Care (7 decks)

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