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Unit 4- The Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

Who are cochlea implants suitable for?

A

People w/ permanent hearing loss that isn’t helped by hearing aids

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2
Q

How do cochlea implants work?

A

Turn sound into electrical signals and send them to the cochlea

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3
Q

What are the two parts to a cochlea implant?

A

A mic behind the ear that picks up the sound and sends it to the device in the skulls
A device in the skull that picks up the signals and sends them to the brain

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4
Q

Who isn’t suitable for cochlea implants?

A

People who’s auditory nerve doesn’t work

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5
Q

What are hearing aids?

A

Small electronic devices worn in the ear that make sound louder and clearer

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6
Q

What are the types of hearing aids?

A

Behind the ear hearing aids
In the ear hearing aids
In the canal hearing aids

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7
Q

What does the outer ear contain?

A

Auricle
Auditory/ear canal
Outer layer of eardrum

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8
Q

Define auricle

A

Cartilage on either sides of the head that can be seen and felt

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9
Q

What is the function of the auricle?

A

Helps gather sound waves

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10
Q

Where do sound waves travel to?

A

Down the ear canal where they strike the eardrum

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11
Q

What is the eardrum?

A

A thin membrane that separates the outer and middle ear

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12
Q

What does the middle ear contain?

A

The ossicle bones

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13
Q

What are the ossicle bones?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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14
Q

What is the malleus also called?

A

Hammer

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15
Q

What is the Incus also called?

A

Anvil

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16
Q

What is the stapes also called?

A

Stirrup

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17
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Take soundwaves and turn them into vibrations for the inner ear

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18
Q

How are the soundwaves converted to vibrations?

A

The eardrum (stretched taut) must vibrate

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19
Q

How are proper vibrations ensured?

A

Air pressure in the middle and outside ear need to be the same

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20
Q

What does the inner ear consist of?

A

Cochlea, Eustachian tube, round windows, auditory nerve, semi-circular canals

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21
Q

Define cochlea

A

Spiral cavity containing the organ of Corti

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22
Q

What is the function of the organ of Corti?

A

Produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations

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23
Q

How does the organ of Corti produce nerve impulses?

A

Hair cells in the organ of Corti transduce mechanical sound vibrations into nerve impulses
Stimulated when basilar membrane vibrates

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24
Q

What is the round window?

A

2nd eardrum which vibrates when vibrations enter the inner ear through the oval window

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25
What is the function of the round window?
It allows fluid in cochlea to move, ensuring proper stimulation of the hair cells in the basilar membrane
26
What are the semi-circular canals?
Part of inner ear, lined with microscopic hairs and filled with fluid
27
What is the function of the semi-circular canals?
Motion sensor, as cilia movements are communicated to brain
28
What is the ampullary cupula?
Structure in the vestibular system, located in the semi-circular canals
29
What is the function of the ampullary cupula?
Provide spacial orientation
30
What is the eustachian tube?
Canal that connects middle ear to upper throat and back of nasal cavity
31
What is the function of the eustachian tube?
Controls middle ear pressure, making it equal to external air pressure
32
What is the auditory nerve?
Bundle of nerve fibres
33
What is the function of the auditory nerve?
Carries impulses between cochlea and brain
34
What is a bone conduction test?
A vibrating sensor is placed behind the ear to test how well sound travels through to ossicle bones
35
What is a pure tone audiometry test?
Where sounds of different volumes and frequencies are played and a button is pressed when they are heard
36
What are some of the treatments offered for impaired hearing?
``` Hearing aids Cochlea transplant Lip reading BSL Hearing loop system T ```
37
What are the three human ‘aids’ to support individuals with impaired hearing?
Advocacy Interpreter Signers
38
Where does light enter the eye?
Through the pupil
39
What is the function of the iris?
regulate the amount of light let into the eye by controlling the size of the pupil
40
What is the sclera?
Opaque fibrous, protective outer layer of the eye containing collagen and elastic fibre (white of the eye)
41
What are tear ducts?
Small tubes stretching from the eye to the nose that allow tears to drain from eyes
42
What is the function of tears?
To keep eyes moist
43
What happens if a tear duct becomes blocked?
Tears cannot drain from the eye properly
44
What is the aqueous humor fluid?
Thin layer of transparent fluid
45
What is the function of aqueous humor fluid?
Nourish cornea+lens and give the eye its shape
46
What is the conjuctiva?
Thin, transparent layer of tissue on the inside of the eyelid
47
What is conjunctivitis?
Swelling of the conjunctiva
48
What is the cornea?
Clear, protective, outer layer of the eye
49
What is the function of the cornea?
Barrier against dirt and germs and other damage
50
What is the retina?
Light sensitive tissue lining the back of our eye
51
What is the function of the retina?
Convert light rays into impulses that travel to our brain along the optic nerve to be interpreted as images
52
What is the macula?
Millions of light-sensing cells, located at the back of the eye
53
What is the function of the macula?
Provide sharp central vision
54
What is the optic nerve?
Nerve located at the back of the eye
55
What is the function of the optic nerve?
Transfer visual information from the retina to vision centres in the brain via electrical impulses
56
What is multiple sclerosis?
Damage to the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve which affects eyesight
57
What is the function of suspensory ligaments?
Connect lens at its periphery to the cillary muscle
58
How is light focused from a distant object?
Ciliary muscles relax, increasing tension on the ligaments and flattening the lens
59
How is light focused from a near object?
Ciliary muscles contract, decreasing tension on the ligaments, allowing the lens to spring back into its rounded shape
60
What does AMD stand for?
Age-related macular degeneration
61
What is AMD?
Painless eye condition causing an individual to lose central vision usually in both eyes
62
What is central vision?
What is seen when focusing straight ahead
63
How is vision affected in AMD?
Vision is blurred meaning, reading is difficult, colours are less vibrant and faces are difficult to recognise
64
What are the two types of AMD?
Wet AMD | Dry AMD
65
What is dry AMD?
When cells of macula are damaged by a build-up of deposits called drusen Most common and least serious
66
What is Wet AMD?
Cells of the macula are damaged due to a growth of abnormal blood cells Most serious, symptoms can develop quickly and vision can deteriorate within days
67
What are the different types of eye tests?
``` Snellen eye test chart Visual acuity test Pupil function test Visual field test Amsler grid test Glaucoma puff test ```
68
What is the pupil function test?
Light shone into the eye from different directions to observe pupil constriction
69
What is the visual field test?
Light spot presented in different areas of peripheral vision
70
What is the visual acuity test?
Checks how letters and objects can be seen from specific distances, using Snellen eye chart
71
What is the Amsler grid?
Square grid with a dot in the centre Used to test for AMD Lines should look straight and boxes should be same size
72
What is cataracts?
Cloudy patches that develop in the lens of the eye | Cause blurred/misty vision as they stop light from reaching retina
73
What are the symptoms of cataracts?
Blurred eyesight Lights too bright/glaring Difficult to see in low light Colours looking faded
74
How is cataracts tested for?
Visual acuity test
75
What are the treatments for cataracts?
Surgery only permanent effective treatment | Stronger glasses and brighter reading lights may help for a while
76
What is the glaucoma puff test?
Small burst of air blown into eye | Air bounced back off the retina into the tonometer gives reading of eye’s IOP
77
What is glaucoma?
Build up of pressure within the eyes due to inability of aqueous humour fluid to drain Damages optic nerve due to fluid pressing down on nerve fibres of the retina
78
What are the contributing factors to glaucoma?
Genetics, age and high blood pressure
79
What are the symptoms of glaucoma?
``` Blurred vision Rainbow symbols around lights Eye pain Headaches Red eyes Nausea ```
80
How is glaucoma detected?
During routine eye test
81
How is glaucoma treated?
Eye drops to reduce pressure in eyes Laser treatment to open blocked drainage tubes or reduce fluid production Surgery to improve fluid drainage
82
What are some examples of visual impairment communication aids?
``` Large print documents Voice labelling pen Magnified glass area Braille Text phones Speaking books ```
83
What is diabetic retinopathy?
Vision loss caused by damage to the blood vessels of the retina
84
What are the three stages of diabetic retinopathy?
1) Background retinopathy 2) Pre-proliferative retinopathy 3) Proliferative retinopathy
85
Describe background retinopathy
Bulges developing in the blood vessels | Don’t affect vision
86
Describe pre-proliferative retinopathy
More severe bleeding into the eye, widespread changes
87
Describe proliferative retinopathy
Development of scar tissue and new blood vessels which are weak and bleed easily Causes the vision loss
88
How can the risk of diabetic retinopathy be reduced?
Control blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels | Attend diabetic eye screening appointments
89
What causes diabetic retinopathy?
Persistently high blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels of the retina
90
What are symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?
``` Worsening vision Floating shapes in field of vision Blurred/patchy vision Eye pain Red eyes ```
91
What are the treatments for diabetic retinopathy?
``` Laser treatment (treat new blood vessel growth) Eye injections (treat severe maculopathy affecting sight) Eye surgery (remove scar tissue) ```
92
Why is diabetic eye screening offered?
Early detection can save lives No symptoms in early stages of retinopathy Untreated retinopathy can cause permanent blindness
93
What is diabetic maculopathy?
Blood vessels in the macula becoming leaky or blocked

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