unit 4 - the demands and struggles of nationhood (april 8) Flashcards
in the 18th century, what period was Europe known as
the Enlightenment
because of the enlightenment, what fields were radically changed
- European politics
- Philosophy
- Science
- Communications
what are examples of fundamental rights
- Liberty
- Equality
- Justice
- Property
what is liberalism
ideology that promotes freedom and equality
what did liberals believe in
- that fundamental rights were very important
- that people should be protected from abuse from a monarchy
- they believed that power should be shared between king and elected representatives
what is republicanism
- where the power to govern belongs to the people
- challenged the institution of monarchy
why were other colonies in north america wanting liberation from their mother countries
because USA became independent
when was the constitutional act
1791
what was the constitutional act
- created a legislative assembly
- made major territorial changes
what cause the constitutional act
- the demands of the loyalists
- spread of liberalism ideas
after the constitutional act, what was the territory divided into
lower Canada in the east
upper Canada in the west
why did king George make the decision to split the territory into two
- to satisfy the diverse needs of the British and canadiens
- wanted respond to the demands of the loyalists
- did not want to take rights away from the canadiens
how long were members of assemblies elected for
4 years
what were the conditions to vote
- had to be British subject
- 21 years old
- property owner or was paying rent
when was the first legislative assembly and what was it made up of?
- 1792
- 34 canadiens
- 16 British subjects
how was a bill able to be passed
assembly had to get it approved by the legislative council and the governor
why were most decisions that were made protecting British interests
because the British appointed the legislative council and governor
what was the role of the governor
- supreme power over all the colonies
- commanded the armed forces
- called the representative assemblies into session
- had veto power
what was one of the first parliamentary struggles with the legislative assembly
- they were not able to choose a speaker
- francophone was chosen in the end because the Canadiens were the majority
what did the British government decide the language of the assembly would be
english
what were the 2 political parties created
- parti canadien
- British party
what was the parti Canadien made up of
french and had a few British members, had the majority in the legislative council
who supported the parti canadien
the bourgeoisie and the majority of the population
what were the objectives of the parti canadien
wanted to reform political institutions
control the colony’s budget
why would British people want to be apart of the parti Canadian
because they wanted to be apart of the legislative assembly
what was the British party made up of
british members, governor, council members
who supported the British party
british merchants
how did the partis get their messages across
by newspapers
what were the English papers
quebec mercury, Montreal Gazette, Montreal Herald
what are the French papers
le canadien, the vindicator, la Minerve
in 1791, what was the majority of the population in Lower Canada
mostly Canadiens, farmers, craftspeople, and laborers
what was the majority of the population in upper Canada
british
the french were not allowed to immigrate from France anymore, how did the french population increase then
by natural increase, many women married young which helped them maintain higher birth rate.
in the 19th century, why were new regions being colonized
because of the seigneuries in the vale st. Laurent was overflowing
why did many people have to give up their hopes of becoming farmers
because there was an overpopulation in the countryside. the farmers moved to cities which led to the development of villages and towns
what was the governing class
made up of governor, judges, military officers and council members
how did the English population increase in lower Canada
though births and immigration
why were so many immigrants coming to Canada from the USA
Because the British government gave them free land because they wanted the English speaking population to grow
why did immigration from the USA stop in 1812
because of the war
in 1815, after the war, where were immigrants coming from now
came from the United Kingdom and Ireland which cause the anglophone population to go up
what was the reason why the immigrants left the UK
famine and epidemics
what caused for the immigrants to get epidemics
- they didn’t have good hygiene
- lack of food
when the immigrants came to lower Canada, with epidemics, what did they do with them
they were quarantined at pointe levy near the south shore near quebec city. they were quarantined for 40 days.
after quarantine, were did most immigrants go
upper Canada and the united states
what were loyalists and english immigrants
anglican
what were the canadiens and Irish
catholic
why did the anglican bishop sit on the legislative assembly
he wanted to make sure that the anglican church was prominent
when was the royal institution act
1801
what was the point of the royal institution act
some people saw it as a good way to get free education. others saw it as a good way to assimilate french people and help them learn english
who was the war of 1812 between
between the British and the americans
what economic changes did the war of 1812 cause
- fur trade
- timber trade
- agriculture
when was Napolean’s blockade
1806
who was napoleans blockade against
the united kingdom could not trade with northern Europe
what is a blockade
the isolation of a country in order to prevent it from establishing contact with the outside world
what were objectives of Napolean’s blockade
to weaken the UK economy
to diminish its military strength
what did the UK do in retaliation to Napolean’s blockade
they made a maritime blockade against France in 1807. france was not able to ship goods to North America, especially the USA
what were the blockades a cause for
the war of 1812 between the British and Americans.
USA was made that they could not trade with France
because the British were not able to trade timber with the USA where did they go to get their resources
to upper and lower Canada
what was the cause of timber becoming the #1 trade
the blockades
what were consequences of the timber trade
- created new jobs
- canals, road, bridges were built
what were consequences of the war of 1812
- immigration stopped during the war
- The USA would not expand north
- more people started to come from the UK after the war
what was monseigneur plessisville’s goal
he tried to convince the Canadiens to be loyal than the British rather than be neutral
why did the natives want to Allie with the British
they didn’t want the Americans to keep on taking their land
when did the 1812 war blockade end
1814
Even though the war ended in 1814, why did battles continue until 1815
because the treaty was signed in 1815 in Europe and forces were not aware of that
why were the pros and cons of trying to assimilate natives into colonial society
- gvt thought they would save money by assimilating them
- could end costly because they had to give gifts to maintain diplomatic ties with the natives
why was the fur trade declined at the beginning of the 19th century
because of supply and demand problems
why did fur companies have to find new territories
because the population of beavers in the great lakes region was going down
what were the two fur companies that merged in 1821
northwest company and Hudson’s bay company
why did the two fur companies merge
because they were competing too much so the British government suggested that they merge
what material replaces fur during the 1830s
silk
why was timber neede during a war
to build warships
what is a preferential tariff
lower taxes on products imported from the colony
why did the UK need more products from Canada
their population was growing and they needed to meet their food needs
in lower Canada, where did canadiens farmers live
on seigneuries along the fleuve saint Laurent
in lower Canada, where did British and loyalist farmers live
eastern townships
what is protectionism
an economic policy instituted by a government to protect the economy of a country or empire from foreign competition
what where the corn laws
prohibited the UK from importing grain from a foreign country when the prices went below a certain price
what was the point of the corn laws
they hoped to protect their agriculture from foreign competition
what was the main crop in lower Canada
wheat
why did upper Canada export more wheat to Britain
because their climate was better
what lead to a decline in the wheat production
overfarming, overpopulation made the land become depleted
because the land in Lower Canada become infertile, what did people have to do
some farming families had to abandon their land and move to regions where the land was difficult to work so they had to do subsistence framing
what is subsistence farming
agriculture for survival with little or no surplus
because of the constitutional act, what was created
- legislative assembly
- division of the colony into LC and UC
what years was fur still the #1 industry
1791-1806
what years were immigrants coming from the USA to the colonies
1791-1812
what year was the maritime blockade
1807
what year were there no immigration to the colony
1812-1815
what ended the war of 1812
the treaty of Ghent
what was the religion of the Irish between 1791-1830
catholic
what was the religion of the French between 1791-1830
catholic
what was the religion of the English, Scotland, whales between 1791-1830
Anglican
what is the difference between the legislative council and legislative assembly
council = governor appoints assembly = elected
what language was the majority in Lower Canada
french
what language was the majority in Upper Canada
english
what were the differences of law between UC and LC
LC = french civil law, british criminal law UC = british civil anf criminal law
what were the differences in land distribution between UC and LC
lc = seigneuries and townships UC = townships
what was the point of the preferential tariffs
to promote the import of timber from lower Canada
what is the crisis in the 1830s
wheat dropped so low in lower Canada that they had to purchase their wheat from Upper Canada
what is subsistence farming
did not make enough crop for surplus
why were there new roads and bridges built
because of the increase in population
what did railways help do
colonization in the north
what did the construction of canals do
helped ship timber to England
made because of the trade growing between USA, mtl and Quebec city
what was the purpose of opening banks
- wanted to limit the number of currencies circulating
- facilitate currency transactions, loans and the issue of paper money
what is nationalism
a political ideology that defines a nation or group of an individuals sense of belonging to a nation
what did canadien nationalism develop around
- Catholicism
- French civil law
- public use of French language
when did British nationalism develop
18th and early 19th century
when did British nationalisms start to grow
after the American independence, arrival of the loyalists, British immigrants from England
what is imperialism
advocates political, cultural, economic or military domination of one nation over another
what was happening with canadien and British members in 1812-1815
period of calm for Canadiens and British members of the assembly
they worked together to fight us in war
what are subsidies
revenue from the legislative assembly’s taxation
why did the colony need to invest in canals
- would help bypass the falls and rapids on the way to great lakes
- parti canadien could finance for lower but not upper Canada
what is a duty
source of revenue that is collected at ports when importing goods
why was the legislative assembly made about the subsidies
they wanted to control where their money was being spent
what happened to the parti canadien in 1826
became the parti patriote
who was the leader of the parti patriote
louis papineau joseph
what did the parti patriote want
more democratic institutions
they were radical
what were factors that contributed to the canadien being upset
- British refuse to grant seigneuries
- increase is seigneurial dues
- british reservation of land
- british armys use of violence
- bills were often rejected by governor
what did papineau do to weaken the british economy
advocated non-violent acts like boycotts
when were the 92 resolution
1834
what was the point of the 92 resolutions
canadiens made demands
parti patriote made them
what were the 92 resolutions
- legislative council should be elected
- wanted responsible government
- wanted the assembly to manage the governors budget
- more canadiens in public administrations
- protection of french language and civil law
- ministerial responsibility
what is a responsible government
governing for the interest of the people
what did governor aylmer do with the 92 resolutions
opposed them and dissolved the legislative assembly
what happened with the elections in 1834
everyone voted for the parti patriote
when were the Russel resolutions
1837
what were the 10 resolutions
- response to 92 resolutions
- rejected the demands of the patriote
- authorized the colonies administration to take the legislative assemblies subsidies
what was the patriotes reaction to the 10 resolutions
- they were shocked
- they now knew there would be no reform of political institutions
- tensions grew between British and patriote
- people became more radical and wanted to overthrow the government
what was governor Gosford’s reactions to the people revolting
banned public assemblies out of fear
what did the radical members of the patriote from
sons of liberty
what was the doric club
group of radical anglophones who wanted to fight against patriote
what did Papineau do instead of taking up arms
he called people to boycott British products
what was the battle of Nov 23
saint denis - patriotes won
what was the battle of Nov 25
Saint Charles - British won
what was the battle of Dec 14
Saint Eustache - British won
what was the reaction of the rebellions of the liberal bourgeoisie
supported the patriotes demands but were divided on how they should achieve them
what was the reaction of the rebellions of the clergy
opposed to the armed rebellions especially since the patriote supported the separation of the church and the state
what was the reaction of the rebellions of the seigneurs
opposed the patriotes
what was the reaction of the rebellions of the general population
supported the patriotes and voted for them
who was the governor until 1835
Lord Aylmer
who was became governor in 1835
Lord Gosford
who was Robert Nelson
one of the leaders of the rebellion
who was Papineau
- took over the leadership in 1826
- fought for democracy in gvt
who was Ludger duvernay
- owned the newspaper la Minerve
- elected to the legislative assembly and fled to the USA during the rebellion
what did Robert Nelson do in 1838
he declared lower Canada’s independence
what was the group des Freres chasseurs
the goal of preparing for another rebellion ‘wanted arms and ammunition from the USA
why were people also unhappy in Upper Canada
wanted an elected legislative council
ministerial responsibility
opposed the family compact
what was he family compact
group of politicians and officials from powerful families
in response to the rebellions, what did the British do in lower Canada
- suspended the constitution
- took away civil liberties
- legislative council and assemblies were dissolved
what ran lower Canada from 1838-1840
special council
no elected individuals
lord Durham became governor, was supposed to find solutions of the rebellions
what were the French Canadiens reactions to the Durham report
- negative
- opposed the union of the 2 Canadas
- didn’t want to become inferior and lose their language and culture to the British
what were the business bourgeoisie reactions to the Durham report
opposed it since they thought they would loos influence
what were the reform members reactions to the Durham report
supported it
what were the British colonist’s reactions to the Durham report
approved the union of the 2 Canadas
would ensure the British majority and stimulate the colony’s economy
