unit 4 - the demands and struggles of nationhood (april 8) Flashcards
1
Q
in the 18th century, what period was Europe known as
A
the Enlightenment
2
Q
because of the enlightenment, what fields were radically changed
A
- European politics
- Philosophy
- Science
- Communications
3
Q
what are examples of fundamental rights
A
- Liberty
- Equality
- Justice
- Property
4
Q
what is liberalism
A
ideology that promotes freedom and equality
5
Q
what did liberals believe in
A
- that fundamental rights were very important
- that people should be protected from abuse from a monarchy
- they believed that power should be shared between king and elected representatives
6
Q
what is republicanism
A
- where the power to govern belongs to the people
- challenged the institution of monarchy
7
Q
why were other colonies in north america wanting liberation from their mother countries
A
because USA became independent
8
Q
when was the constitutional act
A
1791
9
Q
what was the constitutional act
A
- created a legislative assembly
- made major territorial changes
10
Q
what cause the constitutional act
A
- the demands of the loyalists
- spread of liberalism ideas
11
Q
after the constitutional act, what was the territory divided into
A
lower Canada in the east
upper Canada in the west
12
Q
why did king George make the decision to split the territory into two
A
- to satisfy the diverse needs of the British and canadiens
- wanted respond to the demands of the loyalists
- did not want to take rights away from the canadiens
13
Q
how long were members of assemblies elected for
A
4 years
14
Q
what were the conditions to vote
A
- had to be British subject
- 21 years old
- property owner or was paying rent
15
Q
when was the first legislative assembly and what was it made up of?
A
- 1792
- 34 canadiens
- 16 British subjects
16
Q
how was a bill able to be passed
A
assembly had to get it approved by the legislative council and the governor
17
Q
why were most decisions that were made protecting British interests
A
because the British appointed the legislative council and governor
18
Q
what was the role of the governor
A
- supreme power over all the colonies
- commanded the armed forces
- called the representative assemblies into session
- had veto power
19
Q
what was one of the first parliamentary struggles with the legislative assembly
A
- they were not able to choose a speaker
- francophone was chosen in the end because the Canadiens were the majority
20
Q
what did the British government decide the language of the assembly would be
A
english
21
Q
what were the 2 political parties created
A
- parti canadien
- British party
22
Q
what was the parti Canadien made up of
A
french and had a few British members, had the majority in the legislative council
23
Q
who supported the parti canadien
A
the bourgeoisie and the majority of the population
24
Q
what were the objectives of the parti canadien
A
wanted to reform political institutions
control the colony’s budget
25
why would British people want to be apart of the parti Canadian
because they wanted to be apart of the legislative assembly
26
what was the British party made up of
british members, governor, council members
27
who supported the British party
british merchants
28
how did the partis get their messages across
by newspapers
29
what were the English papers
quebec mercury, Montreal Gazette, Montreal Herald
30
what are the French papers
le canadien, the vindicator, la Minerve
31
in 1791, what was the majority of the population in Lower Canada
mostly Canadiens, farmers, craftspeople, and laborers
32
what was the majority of the population in upper Canada
british
33
the french were not allowed to immigrate from France anymore, how did the french population increase then
by natural increase, many women married young which helped them maintain higher birth rate.
34
in the 19th century, why were new regions being colonized
because of the seigneuries in the vale st. Laurent was overflowing
35
why did many people have to give up their hopes of becoming farmers
because there was an overpopulation in the countryside. the farmers moved to cities which led to the development of villages and towns
36
what was the governing class
made up of governor, judges, military officers and council members
37
how did the English population increase in lower Canada
though births and immigration
38
why were so many immigrants coming to Canada from the USA
Because the British government gave them free land because they wanted the English speaking population to grow
39
why did immigration from the USA stop in 1812
because of the war
40
in 1815, after the war, where were immigrants coming from now
came from the United Kingdom and Ireland which cause the anglophone population to go up
41
what was the reason why the immigrants left the UK
famine and epidemics
42
what caused for the immigrants to get epidemics
- they didn't have good hygiene
| - lack of food
43
when the immigrants came to lower Canada, with epidemics, what did they do with them
they were quarantined at pointe levy near the south shore near quebec city. they were quarantined for 40 days.
44
after quarantine, were did most immigrants go
upper Canada and the united states
45
what were loyalists and english immigrants
anglican
46
what were the canadiens and Irish
catholic
47
why did the anglican bishop sit on the legislative assembly
he wanted to make sure that the anglican church was prominent
48
when was the royal institution act
1801
49
what was the point of the royal institution act
some people saw it as a good way to get free education. others saw it as a good way to assimilate french people and help them learn english
50
who was the war of 1812 between
between the British and the americans
51
what economic changes did the war of 1812 cause
- fur trade
- timber trade
- agriculture
52
when was Napolean's blockade
1806
53
who was napoleans blockade against
the united kingdom could not trade with northern Europe
54
what is a blockade
the isolation of a country in order to prevent it from establishing contact with the outside world
55
what were objectives of Napolean's blockade
to weaken the UK economy
| to diminish its military strength
56
what did the UK do in retaliation to Napolean's blockade
they made a maritime blockade against France in 1807. france was not able to ship goods to North America, especially the USA
57
what were the blockades a cause for
the war of 1812 between the British and Americans.
| USA was made that they could not trade with France
58
because the British were not able to trade timber with the USA where did they go to get their resources
to upper and lower Canada
59
what was the cause of timber becoming the #1 trade
the blockades
60
what were consequences of the timber trade
- created new jobs
| - canals, road, bridges were built
61
what were consequences of the war of 1812
- immigration stopped during the war
- The USA would not expand north
- more people started to come from the UK after the war
62
what was monseigneur plessisville's goal
he tried to convince the Canadiens to be loyal than the British rather than be neutral
63
why did the natives want to Allie with the British
they didn't want the Americans to keep on taking their land
64
when did the 1812 war blockade end
1814
65
Even though the war ended in 1814, why did battles continue until 1815
because the treaty was signed in 1815 in Europe and forces were not aware of that
66
why were the pros and cons of trying to assimilate natives into colonial society
- gvt thought they would save money by assimilating them
| - could end costly because they had to give gifts to maintain diplomatic ties with the natives
67
why was the fur trade declined at the beginning of the 19th century
because of supply and demand problems
68
why did fur companies have to find new territories
because the population of beavers in the great lakes region was going down
69
what were the two fur companies that merged in 1821
northwest company and Hudson's bay company
70
why did the two fur companies merge
because they were competing too much so the British government suggested that they merge
71
what material replaces fur during the 1830s
silk
72
why was timber neede during a war
to build warships
73
what is a preferential tariff
lower taxes on products imported from the colony
74
why did the UK need more products from Canada
their population was growing and they needed to meet their food needs
75
in lower Canada, where did canadiens farmers live
on seigneuries along the fleuve saint Laurent
76
in lower Canada, where did British and loyalist farmers live
eastern townships
77
what is protectionism
an economic policy instituted by a government to protect the economy of a country or empire from foreign competition
78
what where the corn laws
prohibited the UK from importing grain from a foreign country when the prices went below a certain price
79
what was the point of the corn laws
they hoped to protect their agriculture from foreign competition
80
what was the main crop in lower Canada
wheat
81
why did upper Canada export more wheat to Britain
because their climate was better
82
what lead to a decline in the wheat production
overfarming, overpopulation made the land become depleted
83
because the land in Lower Canada become infertile, what did people have to do
some farming families had to abandon their land and move to regions where the land was difficult to work so they had to do subsistence framing
84
what is subsistence farming
agriculture for survival with little or no surplus
85
because of the constitutional act, what was created
- legislative assembly
| - division of the colony into LC and UC
86
what years was fur still the #1 industry
1791-1806
87
what years were immigrants coming from the USA to the colonies
1791-1812
88
what year was the maritime blockade
1807
89
what year were there no immigration to the colony
1812-1815
90
what ended the war of 1812
the treaty of Ghent
91
what was the religion of the Irish between 1791-1830
catholic
92
what was the religion of the French between 1791-1830
catholic
93
what was the religion of the English, Scotland, whales between 1791-1830
Anglican
94
what is the difference between the legislative council and legislative assembly
```
council = governor appoints
assembly = elected
```
95
what language was the majority in Lower Canada
french
96
what language was the majority in Upper Canada
english
97
what were the differences of law between UC and LC
```
LC = french civil law, british criminal law
UC = british civil anf criminal law
```
98
what were the differences in land distribution between UC and LC
```
lc = seigneuries and townships
UC = townships
```
99
what was the point of the preferential tariffs
to promote the import of timber from lower Canada
100
what is the crisis in the 1830s
wheat dropped so low in lower Canada that they had to purchase their wheat from Upper Canada
101
what is subsistence farming
did not make enough crop for surplus
102
why were there new roads and bridges built
because of the increase in population
103
what did railways help do
colonization in the north
104
what did the construction of canals do
helped ship timber to England
| made because of the trade growing between USA, mtl and Quebec city
105
what was the purpose of opening banks
- wanted to limit the number of currencies circulating
| - facilitate currency transactions, loans and the issue of paper money
106
what is nationalism
a political ideology that defines a nation or group of an individuals sense of belonging to a nation
107
what did canadien nationalism develop around
- Catholicism
- French civil law
- public use of French language
108
when did British nationalism develop
18th and early 19th century
109
when did British nationalisms start to grow
after the American independence, arrival of the loyalists, British immigrants from England
110
what is imperialism
advocates political, cultural, economic or military domination of one nation over another
111
what was happening with canadien and British members in 1812-1815
period of calm for Canadiens and British members of the assembly
they worked together to fight us in war
112
what are subsidies
revenue from the legislative assembly's taxation
113
why did the colony need to invest in canals
- would help bypass the falls and rapids on the way to great lakes
- parti canadien could finance for lower but not upper Canada
114
what is a duty
source of revenue that is collected at ports when importing goods
115
why was the legislative assembly made about the subsidies
they wanted to control where their money was being spent
116
what happened to the parti canadien in 1826
became the parti patriote
117
who was the leader of the parti patriote
louis papineau joseph
118
what did the parti patriote want
more democratic institutions
| they were radical
119
what were factors that contributed to the canadien being upset
- British refuse to grant seigneuries
- increase is seigneurial dues
- british reservation of land
- british armys use of violence
- bills were often rejected by governor
120
what did papineau do to weaken the british economy
advocated non-violent acts like boycotts
121
when were the 92 resolution
1834
122
what was the point of the 92 resolutions
canadiens made demands
| parti patriote made them
123
what were the 92 resolutions
- legislative council should be elected
- wanted responsible government
- wanted the assembly to manage the governors budget
- more canadiens in public administrations
- protection of french language and civil law
- ministerial responsibility
124
what is a responsible government
governing for the interest of the people
125
what did governor aylmer do with the 92 resolutions
opposed them and dissolved the legislative assembly
126
what happened with the elections in 1834
everyone voted for the parti patriote
127
when were the Russel resolutions
1837
128
what were the 10 resolutions
- response to 92 resolutions
- rejected the demands of the patriote
- authorized the colonies administration to take the legislative assemblies subsidies
129
what was the patriotes reaction to the 10 resolutions
- they were shocked
- they now knew there would be no reform of political institutions
- tensions grew between British and patriote
- people became more radical and wanted to overthrow the government
130
what was governor Gosford's reactions to the people revolting
banned public assemblies out of fear
131
what did the radical members of the patriote from
sons of liberty
132
what was the doric club
group of radical anglophones who wanted to fight against patriote
133
what did Papineau do instead of taking up arms
he called people to boycott British products
134
what was the battle of Nov 23
saint denis - patriotes won
135
what was the battle of Nov 25
Saint Charles - British won
136
what was the battle of Dec 14
Saint Eustache - British won
137
what was the reaction of the rebellions of the liberal bourgeoisie
supported the patriotes demands but were divided on how they should achieve them
138
what was the reaction of the rebellions of the clergy
opposed to the armed rebellions especially since the patriote supported the separation of the church and the state
139
what was the reaction of the rebellions of the seigneurs
opposed the patriotes
140
what was the reaction of the rebellions of the general population
supported the patriotes and voted for them
141
who was the governor until 1835
Lord Aylmer
142
who was became governor in 1835
Lord Gosford
143
who was Robert Nelson
one of the leaders of the rebellion
144
who was Papineau
- took over the leadership in 1826
| - fought for democracy in gvt
145
who was Ludger duvernay
- owned the newspaper la Minerve
| - elected to the legislative assembly and fled to the USA during the rebellion
146
what did Robert Nelson do in 1838
he declared lower Canada's independence
147
what was the group des Freres chasseurs
the goal of preparing for another rebellion 'wanted arms and ammunition from the USA
148
why were people also unhappy in Upper Canada
wanted an elected legislative council
ministerial responsibility
opposed the family compact
149
what was he family compact
group of politicians and officials from powerful families
150
in response to the rebellions, what did the British do in lower Canada
- suspended the constitution
- took away civil liberties
- legislative council and assemblies were dissolved
151
what ran lower Canada from 1838-1840
special council
no elected individuals
lord Durham became governor, was supposed to find solutions of the rebellions
152
what were the French Canadiens reactions to the Durham report
- negative
- opposed the union of the 2 Canadas
- didn't want to become inferior and lose their language and culture to the British
153
what were the business bourgeoisie reactions to the Durham report
opposed it since they thought they would loos influence
154
what were the reform members reactions to the Durham report
supported it
155
what were the British colonist's reactions to the Durham report
approved the union of the 2 Canadas
| would ensure the British majority and stimulate the colony's economy
