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History > unit 4 - the demands and struggles of nationhood (april 8) > Flashcards

unit 4 - the demands and struggles of nationhood (april 8) Flashcards

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1
Q

in the 18th century, what period was Europe known as

A

the Enlightenment

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2
Q

because of the enlightenment, what fields were radically changed

A
  • European politics
  • Philosophy
  • Science
  • Communications
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3
Q

what are examples of fundamental rights

A
  • Liberty
  • Equality
  • Justice
  • Property
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4
Q

what is liberalism

A

ideology that promotes freedom and equality

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5
Q

what did liberals believe in

A
  • that fundamental rights were very important
  • that people should be protected from abuse from a monarchy
  • they believed that power should be shared between king and elected representatives
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6
Q

what is republicanism

A
  • where the power to govern belongs to the people

- challenged the institution of monarchy

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7
Q

why were other colonies in north america wanting liberation from their mother countries

A

because USA became independent

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8
Q

when was the constitutional act

A

1791

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9
Q

what was the constitutional act

A
  • created a legislative assembly

- made major territorial changes

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10
Q

what cause the constitutional act

A
  • the demands of the loyalists

- spread of liberalism ideas

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11
Q

after the constitutional act, what was the territory divided into

A

lower Canada in the east

upper Canada in the west

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12
Q

why did king George make the decision to split the territory into two

A
  • to satisfy the diverse needs of the British and canadiens
  • wanted respond to the demands of the loyalists
  • did not want to take rights away from the canadiens
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13
Q

how long were members of assemblies elected for

A

4 years

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14
Q

what were the conditions to vote

A
  • had to be British subject
  • 21 years old
  • property owner or was paying rent
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15
Q

when was the first legislative assembly and what was it made up of?

A
  • 1792
  • 34 canadiens
  • 16 British subjects
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16
Q

how was a bill able to be passed

A

assembly had to get it approved by the legislative council and the governor

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17
Q

why were most decisions that were made protecting British interests

A

because the British appointed the legislative council and governor

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18
Q

what was the role of the governor

A
  • supreme power over all the colonies
  • commanded the armed forces
  • called the representative assemblies into session
  • had veto power
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19
Q

what was one of the first parliamentary struggles with the legislative assembly

A
  • they were not able to choose a speaker

- francophone was chosen in the end because the Canadiens were the majority

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20
Q

what did the British government decide the language of the assembly would be

A

english

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21
Q

what were the 2 political parties created

A
  • parti canadien

- British party

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22
Q

what was the parti Canadien made up of

A

french and had a few British members, had the majority in the legislative council

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23
Q

who supported the parti canadien

A

the bourgeoisie and the majority of the population

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24
Q

what were the objectives of the parti canadien

A

wanted to reform political institutions

control the colony’s budget

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25
Q

why would British people want to be apart of the parti Canadian

A

because they wanted to be apart of the legislative assembly

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26
Q

what was the British party made up of

A

british members, governor, council members

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27
Q

who supported the British party

A

british merchants

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28
Q

how did the partis get their messages across

A

by newspapers

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29
Q

what were the English papers

A

quebec mercury, Montreal Gazette, Montreal Herald

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30
Q

what are the French papers

A

le canadien, the vindicator, la Minerve

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31
Q

in 1791, what was the majority of the population in Lower Canada

A

mostly Canadiens, farmers, craftspeople, and laborers

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32
Q

what was the majority of the population in upper Canada

A

british

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33
Q

the french were not allowed to immigrate from France anymore, how did the french population increase then

A

by natural increase, many women married young which helped them maintain higher birth rate.

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34
Q

in the 19th century, why were new regions being colonized

A

because of the seigneuries in the vale st. Laurent was overflowing

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35
Q

why did many people have to give up their hopes of becoming farmers

A

because there was an overpopulation in the countryside. the farmers moved to cities which led to the development of villages and towns

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36
Q

what was the governing class

A

made up of governor, judges, military officers and council members

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37
Q

how did the English population increase in lower Canada

A

though births and immigration

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38
Q

why were so many immigrants coming to Canada from the USA

A

Because the British government gave them free land because they wanted the English speaking population to grow

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39
Q

why did immigration from the USA stop in 1812

A

because of the war

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40
Q

in 1815, after the war, where were immigrants coming from now

A

came from the United Kingdom and Ireland which cause the anglophone population to go up

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41
Q

what was the reason why the immigrants left the UK

A

famine and epidemics

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42
Q

what caused for the immigrants to get epidemics

A
  • they didn’t have good hygiene

- lack of food

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43
Q

when the immigrants came to lower Canada, with epidemics, what did they do with them

A

they were quarantined at pointe levy near the south shore near quebec city. they were quarantined for 40 days.

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44
Q

after quarantine, were did most immigrants go

A

upper Canada and the united states

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45
Q

what were loyalists and english immigrants

A

anglican

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46
Q

what were the canadiens and Irish

A

catholic

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47
Q

why did the anglican bishop sit on the legislative assembly

A

he wanted to make sure that the anglican church was prominent

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48
Q

when was the royal institution act

A

1801

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49
Q

what was the point of the royal institution act

A

some people saw it as a good way to get free education. others saw it as a good way to assimilate french people and help them learn english

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50
Q

who was the war of 1812 between

A

between the British and the americans

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51
Q

what economic changes did the war of 1812 cause

A
  • fur trade
  • timber trade
  • agriculture
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52
Q

when was Napolean’s blockade

A

1806

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53
Q

who was napoleans blockade against

A

the united kingdom could not trade with northern Europe

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54
Q

what is a blockade

A

the isolation of a country in order to prevent it from establishing contact with the outside world

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55
Q

what were objectives of Napolean’s blockade

A

to weaken the UK economy

to diminish its military strength

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56
Q

what did the UK do in retaliation to Napolean’s blockade

A

they made a maritime blockade against France in 1807. france was not able to ship goods to North America, especially the USA

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57
Q

what were the blockades a cause for

A

the war of 1812 between the British and Americans.

USA was made that they could not trade with France

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58
Q

because the British were not able to trade timber with the USA where did they go to get their resources

A

to upper and lower Canada

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59
Q

what was the cause of timber becoming the #1 trade

A

the blockades

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60
Q

what were consequences of the timber trade

A
  • created new jobs

- canals, road, bridges were built

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61
Q

what were consequences of the war of 1812

A
  • immigration stopped during the war
  • The USA would not expand north
  • more people started to come from the UK after the war
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62
Q

what was monseigneur plessisville’s goal

A

he tried to convince the Canadiens to be loyal than the British rather than be neutral

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63
Q

why did the natives want to Allie with the British

A

they didn’t want the Americans to keep on taking their land

64
Q

when did the 1812 war blockade end

A

1814

65
Q

Even though the war ended in 1814, why did battles continue until 1815

A

because the treaty was signed in 1815 in Europe and forces were not aware of that

66
Q

why were the pros and cons of trying to assimilate natives into colonial society

A
  • gvt thought they would save money by assimilating them

- could end costly because they had to give gifts to maintain diplomatic ties with the natives

67
Q

why was the fur trade declined at the beginning of the 19th century

A

because of supply and demand problems

68
Q

why did fur companies have to find new territories

A

because the population of beavers in the great lakes region was going down

69
Q

what were the two fur companies that merged in 1821

A

northwest company and Hudson’s bay company

70
Q

why did the two fur companies merge

A

because they were competing too much so the British government suggested that they merge

71
Q

what material replaces fur during the 1830s

A

silk

72
Q

why was timber neede during a war

A

to build warships

73
Q

what is a preferential tariff

A

lower taxes on products imported from the colony

74
Q

why did the UK need more products from Canada

A

their population was growing and they needed to meet their food needs

75
Q

in lower Canada, where did canadiens farmers live

A

on seigneuries along the fleuve saint Laurent

76
Q

in lower Canada, where did British and loyalist farmers live

A

eastern townships

77
Q

what is protectionism

A

an economic policy instituted by a government to protect the economy of a country or empire from foreign competition

78
Q

what where the corn laws

A

prohibited the UK from importing grain from a foreign country when the prices went below a certain price

79
Q

what was the point of the corn laws

A

they hoped to protect their agriculture from foreign competition

80
Q

what was the main crop in lower Canada

A

wheat

81
Q

why did upper Canada export more wheat to Britain

A

because their climate was better

82
Q

what lead to a decline in the wheat production

A

overfarming, overpopulation made the land become depleted

83
Q

because the land in Lower Canada become infertile, what did people have to do

A

some farming families had to abandon their land and move to regions where the land was difficult to work so they had to do subsistence framing

84
Q

what is subsistence farming

A

agriculture for survival with little or no surplus

85
Q

because of the constitutional act, what was created

A
  • legislative assembly

- division of the colony into LC and UC

86
Q

what years was fur still the #1 industry

A

1791-1806

87
Q

what years were immigrants coming from the USA to the colonies

A

1791-1812

88
Q

what year was the maritime blockade

A

1807

89
Q

what year were there no immigration to the colony

A

1812-1815

90
Q

what ended the war of 1812

A

the treaty of Ghent

91
Q

what was the religion of the Irish between 1791-1830

A

catholic

92
Q

what was the religion of the French between 1791-1830

A

catholic

93
Q

what was the religion of the English, Scotland, whales between 1791-1830

A

Anglican

94
Q

what is the difference between the legislative council and legislative assembly

A 
council = governor appoints
assembly = elected
95
Q

what language was the majority in Lower Canada

A

french

96
Q

what language was the majority in Upper Canada

A

english

97
Q

what were the differences of law between UC and LC

A 
LC = french civil law, british criminal law 
UC = british civil anf criminal law
98
Q

what were the differences in land distribution between UC and LC

A 
lc = seigneuries and townships 
UC = townships
99
Q

what was the point of the preferential tariffs

A

to promote the import of timber from lower Canada

100
Q

what is the crisis in the 1830s

A

wheat dropped so low in lower Canada that they had to purchase their wheat from Upper Canada

101
Q

what is subsistence farming

A

did not make enough crop for surplus

102
Q

why were there new roads and bridges built

A

because of the increase in population

103
Q

what did railways help do

A

colonization in the north

104
Q

what did the construction of canals do

A

helped ship timber to England

made because of the trade growing between USA, mtl and Quebec city

105
Q

what was the purpose of opening banks

A
  • wanted to limit the number of currencies circulating

- facilitate currency transactions, loans and the issue of paper money

106
Q

what is nationalism

A

a political ideology that defines a nation or group of an individuals sense of belonging to a nation

107
Q

what did canadien nationalism develop around

A
  • Catholicism
  • French civil law
  • public use of French language
108
Q

when did British nationalism develop

A

18th and early 19th century

109
Q

when did British nationalisms start to grow

A

after the American independence, arrival of the loyalists, British immigrants from England

110
Q

what is imperialism

A

advocates political, cultural, economic or military domination of one nation over another

111
Q

what was happening with canadien and British members in 1812-1815

A

period of calm for Canadiens and British members of the assembly
they worked together to fight us in war

112
Q

what are subsidies

A

revenue from the legislative assembly’s taxation

113
Q

why did the colony need to invest in canals

A
  • would help bypass the falls and rapids on the way to great lakes
  • parti canadien could finance for lower but not upper Canada
114
Q

what is a duty

A

source of revenue that is collected at ports when importing goods

115
Q

why was the legislative assembly made about the subsidies

A

they wanted to control where their money was being spent

116
Q

what happened to the parti canadien in 1826

A

became the parti patriote

117
Q

who was the leader of the parti patriote

A

louis papineau joseph

118
Q

what did the parti patriote want

A

more democratic institutions

they were radical

119
Q

what were factors that contributed to the canadien being upset

A
  • British refuse to grant seigneuries
  • increase is seigneurial dues
  • british reservation of land
  • british armys use of violence
  • bills were often rejected by governor
120
Q

what did papineau do to weaken the british economy

A

advocated non-violent acts like boycotts

121
Q

when were the 92 resolution

A

1834

122
Q

what was the point of the 92 resolutions

A

canadiens made demands

parti patriote made them

123
Q

what were the 92 resolutions

A
  • legislative council should be elected
  • wanted responsible government
  • wanted the assembly to manage the governors budget
  • more canadiens in public administrations
  • protection of french language and civil law
  • ministerial responsibility
124
Q

what is a responsible government

A

governing for the interest of the people

125
Q

what did governor aylmer do with the 92 resolutions

A

opposed them and dissolved the legislative assembly

126
Q

what happened with the elections in 1834

A

everyone voted for the parti patriote

127
Q

when were the Russel resolutions

A

1837

128
Q

what were the 10 resolutions

A
  • response to 92 resolutions
  • rejected the demands of the patriote
  • authorized the colonies administration to take the legislative assemblies subsidies
129
Q

what was the patriotes reaction to the 10 resolutions

A
  • they were shocked
  • they now knew there would be no reform of political institutions
  • tensions grew between British and patriote
  • people became more radical and wanted to overthrow the government
130
Q

what was governor Gosford’s reactions to the people revolting

A

banned public assemblies out of fear

131
Q

what did the radical members of the patriote from

A

sons of liberty

132
Q

what was the doric club

A

group of radical anglophones who wanted to fight against patriote

133
Q

what did Papineau do instead of taking up arms

A

he called people to boycott British products

134
Q

what was the battle of Nov 23

A

saint denis - patriotes won

135
Q

what was the battle of Nov 25

A

Saint Charles - British won

136
Q

what was the battle of Dec 14

A

Saint Eustache - British won

137
Q

what was the reaction of the rebellions of the liberal bourgeoisie

A

supported the patriotes demands but were divided on how they should achieve them

138
Q

what was the reaction of the rebellions of the clergy

A

opposed to the armed rebellions especially since the patriote supported the separation of the church and the state

139
Q

what was the reaction of the rebellions of the seigneurs

A

opposed the patriotes

140
Q

what was the reaction of the rebellions of the general population

A

supported the patriotes and voted for them

141
Q

who was the governor until 1835

A

Lord Aylmer

142
Q

who was became governor in 1835

A

Lord Gosford

143
Q

who was Robert Nelson

A

one of the leaders of the rebellion

144
Q

who was Papineau

A
  • took over the leadership in 1826

- fought for democracy in gvt

145
Q

who was Ludger duvernay

A
  • owned the newspaper la Minerve

- elected to the legislative assembly and fled to the USA during the rebellion

146
Q

what did Robert Nelson do in 1838

A

he declared lower Canada’s independence

147
Q

what was the group des Freres chasseurs

A

the goal of preparing for another rebellion ‘wanted arms and ammunition from the USA

148
Q

why were people also unhappy in Upper Canada

A

wanted an elected legislative council
ministerial responsibility
opposed the family compact

149
Q

what was he family compact

A

group of politicians and officials from powerful families

150
Q

in response to the rebellions, what did the British do in lower Canada

A
  • suspended the constitution
  • took away civil liberties
  • legislative council and assemblies were dissolved
151
Q

what ran lower Canada from 1838-1840

A

special council
no elected individuals
lord Durham became governor, was supposed to find solutions of the rebellions

152
Q

what were the French Canadiens reactions to the Durham report

A
  • negative
  • opposed the union of the 2 Canadas
  • didn’t want to become inferior and lose their language and culture to the British
153
Q

what were the business bourgeoisie reactions to the Durham report

A

opposed it since they thought they would loos influence

154
Q

what were the reform members reactions to the Durham report

A

supported it

155
Q

what were the British colonist’s reactions to the Durham report

A

approved the union of the 2 Canadas

would ensure the British majority and stimulate the colony’s economy

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