Unit 1 - Natives Flashcards by Alyson Vogel

how did the aboriginals arrive

through climate change
crossed the bering strait
came from asia to the americas

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what are the three linguistic groups?

inukitut
algonquain
iroquoain

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what does nomadic mean

do not have a set place to live

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which societies were nomadic

algonquain

- inuit

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where did the inuit live

in the artic

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where did the inuit get their food from

hunted and fished

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what did the inuit live in

igloos in the winter

tents in the summer

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where did the algonquain live

eastern sub-artic

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where did the algonquain get their food from

summer and spring hunted but added fishing and berries

winter and fall hunted

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what did algonquain live in

wigwams

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what kind of society were the algonquain

patriarchy, ran by men

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where did the iroquois live

the northeast, climate was moderate

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where the iroquois sedentary or nomadic

sedentary

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how did the iroquois get there food

mostly from agriculture

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what did the iroquois live in

longhouses

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what kind of society were the iroquois

matriarchy, ran by women

men went to go live with their wives families

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explain the clan

made up of families from the same maternal ancestors

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explain the villages

made up of several longhouses, several clans in a village

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explain the nation

composed of several villages thats share the same culture and language

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explain the confederacy (league)

certain nations joined together to form confederacies for security and defense

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how did the inuit make decisions

very flexible and made them fast because they lived far apart from each other. they involved the entire group

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how did the algonquin and iroquois make decisions

they were led by chiefs and decisions were usually made by a council

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what was each clan represented by……..(iroquois)

by war and civil chiefs (male)

which were appointed by clan mothers

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explain civil chiefs

were in charge of political and trade matters and relations with other villages and nations

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explain war chiefs

in charge of military strategies and led warriors in battle

what is a village council (iroquois)

made up of clans civil cheifs, assistants and some elders

what is a nation council

brought together the chiefs of all clans in the nation

why was oral tradition so important

because they didn't have writings

what are story tellers

- they are elders since their experience made their stories more credible - also known for their eloquence

What did sedentary people trade

pottery, agriculture products, corn, beans, tabacco

what did nomadic people trade

meat, skins, furs

what were shamans

had superior power which allowed them to communicate with the spiritual worlds. could predict the future and inteperet dreams

what did native beleive territory was

- no individual property and belonged to the nation

what was not part of natuve culture

wealth and material goods

when were gifts offered

to solidify marriage proposals and at marriage proposals

who did aboriginals trade with

only people they were allied with

what were the 3 Iroquoian confederacies in 1500

league of 5 nations Huron - wendats neutrals

when and where did most of the trading happen

in the summer, in villages

what were nations usually near to help them trade

bodies of water

who were the trading commercial traders

huron- wendats

what was the purpose of trading

to satisfy a need

what system did they use for trading

barter system

why were there rivalries between native nations

- control of fishing or commercial routes - young warrior can show prestige and courage - seeking revenge - capturing prisoners

what were the cases of most prisoners

- were taken captive during the war - were killed, tortured, forced to do labor - adopted by captive families '

how did the first nations come into contact with Europeans

- find a new route to Asia - create a colonial empire - get richer - convert people

who was John Cabot

british explorer who was sent to find a new trade route to Asia

what did Cabot discover

newfoundland in 1497

what did the French trade with the natives

glass, beads, axes, knives, hammers, nails and clothing

what did the natives give the french

furs

why did natives value European goods

because it made their lives easier

what were the bad consequences of the introduction of European goods

- caused disruption between native nations - affected the environment overhunting

when were Jaques carriers first voyage

1534,

what were the first missions purposes

1. find a trade route to Asia (didn't accomplish) 2. bring back gold and riches (didn't accomplish) 3. get more land for the king (accomplished)

where did Cartier arrive on his first mission

base de Gaspe

when was cartiers second voyage

1535

what did Cartier find on his second voyage

st Laurent river

where did Cartier go on his second voyage

standalone and Hochelaga

when was cartiers 3rd voyage

1541-1542

what was the mission of his 3rd voyage

to set up a colony

did cartiers voyage succeded (3rd mission)

no its failed and France lost interest in the colony for 70 years

what happened in 1603

the French established an alliance w the Montagnais at Tadoussac. french had to fight Montagnais enemies including the Iroquois.

how did the European come into contact with aboriginal people

while they were drying their cod on the shore

what were cartiers new objectives in 1541

convert aboriginals and settle the colony

who was appointed by the king to settle the colony

roberval

what did Roberval try to do

he tried to settle in the colony and spend the winter there but he found it too hard so he returned to France with the surviving colonists

what are other theories about the arrival of aboriginals

- costal migration - migrated southward along the cost of north america - Thule - nomadic hunter that settled in quebec

what were the beliefs of the first nations in relation to spirituality

- all beings were equal (living or not living) - the environment had a spirit - connection between living and spirit world

what did first nations Believe a hunters success was base off of

- skill | - connection with the animals

what are rituals

- a way to communicate with the spirit worlds

what did sedentary people trade

- pottery - agricultural products - corn, beans, tobacco

what is the barter system

good exchanged for goods. nor formal currency

what did cartier do on his first voyage

- went to stadacona and met donnacona (the chief) | - cartier returned to france with 2 of donncona's sons

why did the europeans demand fur

because the beaver was scarce in europe