Unit 1 - Natives Flashcards
how did the aboriginals arrive
- through climate change
- crossed the bering strait
- came from asia to the americas
what are the three linguistic groups?
- inukitut
- algonquain
- iroquoain
what does nomadic mean
do not have a set place to live
which societies were nomadic
- algonquain
- inuit
where did the inuit live
in the artic
where did the inuit get their food from
hunted and fished
what did the inuit live in
igloos in the winter
tents in the summer
where did the algonquain live
eastern sub-artic
where did the algonquain get their food from
summer and spring hunted but added fishing and berries
winter and fall hunted
what did algonquain live in
wigwams
what kind of society were the algonquain
patriarchy, ran by men
where did the iroquois live
the northeast, climate was moderate
where the iroquois sedentary or nomadic
sedentary
how did the iroquois get there food
mostly from agriculture
what did the iroquois live in
longhouses
what kind of society were the iroquois
matriarchy, ran by women
men went to go live with their wives families
explain the clan
made up of families from the same maternal ancestors
explain the villages
made up of several longhouses, several clans in a village
explain the nation
composed of several villages thats share the same culture and language
explain the confederacy (league)
certain nations joined together to form confederacies for security and defense
how did the inuit make decisions
very flexible and made them fast because they lived far apart from each other. they involved the entire group
how did the algonquin and iroquois make decisions
they were led by chiefs and decisions were usually made by a council
what was each clan represented by……..(iroquois)
by war and civil chiefs (male)
which were appointed by clan mothers
explain civil chiefs
were in charge of political and trade matters and relations with other villages and nations
explain war chiefs
in charge of military strategies and led warriors in battle
what is a village council (iroquois)
made up of clans civil cheifs, assistants and some elders
what is a nation council
brought together the chiefs of all clans in the nation
why was oral tradition so important
because they didn’t have writings
what are story tellers
- they are elders since their experience made their stories more credible
- also known for their eloquence
What did sedentary people trade
pottery, agriculture products, corn, beans, tabacco
what did nomadic people trade
meat, skins, furs
what were shamans
had superior power which allowed them to communicate with the spiritual worlds. could predict the future and inteperet dreams
what did native beleive territory was
- no individual property and belonged to the nation
what was not part of natuve culture
wealth and material goods
when were gifts offered
to solidify marriage proposals and at marriage proposals
who did aboriginals trade with
only people they were allied with
what were the 3 Iroquoian confederacies in 1500
league of 5 nations
Huron - wendats
neutrals
when and where did most of the trading happen
in the summer, in villages
what were nations usually near to help them trade
bodies of water
who were the trading commercial traders
huron- wendats
what was the purpose of trading
to satisfy a need
what system did they use for trading
barter system
why were there rivalries between native nations
- control of fishing or commercial routes
- young warrior can show prestige and courage
- seeking revenge
- capturing prisoners
what were the cases of most prisoners
- were taken captive during the war
- were killed, tortured, forced to do labor
- adopted by captive families ‘
how did the first nations come into contact with Europeans
- find a new route to Asia
- create a colonial empire
- get richer
- convert people
who was John Cabot
british explorer who was sent to find a new trade route to Asia
what did Cabot discover
newfoundland in 1497
what did the French trade with the natives
glass, beads, axes, knives, hammers, nails and clothing
what did the natives give the french
furs
why did natives value European goods
because it made their lives easier
what were the bad consequences of the introduction of European goods
- caused disruption between native nations
- affected the environment
overhunting
when were Jaques carriers first voyage
1534,
what were the first missions purposes
- find a trade route to Asia (didn’t accomplish)
- bring back gold and riches (didn’t accomplish)
- get more land for the king (accomplished)
where did Cartier arrive on his first mission
base de Gaspe
when was cartiers second voyage
1535
what did Cartier find on his second voyage
st Laurent river
where did Cartier go on his second voyage
standalone and Hochelaga
when was cartiers 3rd voyage
1541-1542
what was the mission of his 3rd voyage
to set up a colony
did cartiers voyage succeded (3rd mission)
no its failed and France lost interest in the colony for 70 years
what happened in 1603
the French established an alliance w the Montagnais at Tadoussac. french had to fight Montagnais enemies including the Iroquois.
how did the European come into contact with aboriginal people
while they were drying their cod on the shore
what were cartiers new objectives in 1541
convert aboriginals and settle the colony
who was appointed by the king to settle the colony
roberval
what did Roberval try to do
he tried to settle in the colony and spend the winter there but he found it too hard so he returned to France with the surviving colonists
what are other theories about the arrival of aboriginals
- costal migration - migrated southward along the cost of north america
- Thule - nomadic hunter that settled in quebec
what were the beliefs of the first nations in relation to spirituality
- all beings were equal (living or not living)
- the environment had a spirit
- connection between living and spirit world
what did first nations Believe a hunters success was base off of
- skill
- connection with the animals
what are rituals
- a way to communicate with the spirit worlds
what did sedentary people trade
- pottery
- agricultural products
- corn, beans, tobacco
what is the barter system
good exchanged for goods. nor formal currency
what did cartier do on his first voyage
- went to stadacona and met donnacona (the chief)
- cartier returned to france with 2 of donncona’s sons
why did the europeans demand fur
because the beaver was scarce in europe
