unit 4 - The Control and Regulatory System Flashcards
What is the nervous system?
It co-ordinates voluntary and non-voluntary actions in your body, and does so by the nerves that link to your brain and other parts of your body.
What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?
CNS
PNS
What does CNS stand for?
central nervous system
What does PNS stand for?
peripheral nervous system
What makes up the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
It is a network of nerves throughout the body
What are the functions of the central nervous system?
Take in sensory info from the PNS
Processes info
Sends out motor signals
What does the sensory nerve do?
Transmitting sensations such as pain and touch
What does the motor nerve do?
Controlling muscles
What do the autonomic nerves do?
Regulating automatic functions of the body such as blood pressure and bladder functions
What are the 2 involuntary nerves within our body?
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
What are sympathetic nerves?
nerves that control our active functions needed for survival
What are parasympathetic nerves?
They dampen down the sympathetic nerves and return our body to resting state.
What are the types of strokes?
Ischaemic
Haemorrhagic
What are the biological causes of a Ischaemic stroke?
Blood clots will block blood vessels in the brain, which deprives it of oxygen and nutrients, causing the cells to die.
These clots will form in areas where the arteries are narrowed and blocked by fatty deposits.
What are the biological causes of a Haemorrhagic stroke?
A ruptured blood vessel in the skull causes a bleed around the brain. The blood vessels then press down on the brain tissue which damages the cells.
What are the symptoms of a stroke?
Numbness and weakness on one side of the body.
Slurred speech
Dizziness
What is the medication/treatment for strokes?
Statins
Beta blockers
Alteplase
What do statins do for a stroke?
Lower cholesterol
What do beta-blockers do for a stroke?
Treat high blood pressure
What do alteplase do for a stroke?
Dissolve blood clots and restore blood flow
What surgery can be done to help an individual whose had a stroke?
Surgical stents
Thrombectomy
What is a thrombectomy for a stroke?
Remove blood clots and restore blood flow.
What is Multiple sclerosis?
An autoimmune disease where the immune system of an individual attacks the myelin sheath within the CNS. The scar tissue replaces the nerve tissue, preventing effective nerve transmission.
What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
Fatigue
Muscle stiffness
Blurred vision
Problems with thinking, learning and planning
What are the possible causes of multiple sclerosis?
Genetics- high chance of developing if a relative has it
Smoking- increases chance by 2x the risk
Viral infections
Low vitamin D
How may genetics be a cause of multiple sclerosis?
High chance of developing if a relative to that individual has it.
How may smoking be a cause of multiple sclerosis?
Smokers are twice as likely to develop it than non-smokers, due to the toxic chemicals.
What is the medication for multiple sclerosis?
Steroid medication
What is the treatment for multiple sclerosis?
Physiotherapy and speech and language therapy, but there is no cure.
What are the 2 types of diabetes?
Type 1 and type 2
What is type 1 diabetes?
A condition where the body cannot make insulin. This causes the level of glucose in your blood to get too high.
When does type 1 diabetes usually occur?
often starts in children and young adults, but it can happen at any age.
What does an individual with type 1 diabetes need to take everyday?
needs to take insulin every day to manage blood glucose levels, as the insulin decreases the blood glucose levels.
What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?
When the body cannot make enough insulin, or the insulin now doesn’t work properly.
How can you manage type 2 diabetes?
Eat a healthier diet.
Regular exercise
Stop smoking
Limit volume of alcohol being consumed.
What are the effects of diabetes?
Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue and weight loss.
What type of diabetes is more common?
Type 2
What is a contributing factor to type 2 diabetes?
It can be linked to eating lots of carbohydrate and fatty foods.
What is the endocrine system?
A system of glands that produce hormones.
What does the adrenal gland produce?
Adrenaline
What is the purpose of adrenaline?
Prepares body for action.
It is released as a response to threat- fight or flight.
What does the pancreas produce?
Insulin and glucagon
What is the purpose of insulin and glucagon?
They control blood glucose levels in the body.
Insulin lowers it and glucagon rises it.
What does the thyroid produce?
Thyroxin and calcitonin
What is the purpose of thyroxin and calcitonin?
Thyroxin affects growth and sustains metabolism.
Calcitonin regulates calcium absorption and use.
What do the testes produce?
Testosterone
What is the purpose of testosterone?
It affects sexual development, growth of facial hair, changes at puberty and sperm production.
What do the ovaries produce?
Oestrogen and progesterone
What is the purpose of oestrogen and progesterone?
Control breast growth and reproductive functions such as menstration and pregnancy.
What gland is known as the ‘master gland’?
The pituitary gland
What are the types of endocrine glands in our body?
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Thyroid
Pituitary gland
Testes
Ovaries
What is the function of the meninges in the brain?
Your brain is protected by the meninges.
They act as a barrier for infection
What part of the brain is the bridge of nerve tissues that connects the two halves of the brain and enables them to communicate?
Corpus callosum
What is the function of the Corpus callosum?
The part of the brain is the bridge of nerve tissues that connects the two halves of the brain and enables them to communicate
What is the function of the frontal lobes?
Mental processes such as thinking, decision making and planning.
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Regulates our temperature, appetite and thirst.
It also controls a number of hormones.
What is the role of the medulla?
It automatically controls and regulates vital processes such as swallowing, heart rhythm and breathing.
