unit 4 - The Control and Regulatory System Flashcards
What is the nervous system?
It co-ordinates voluntary and non-voluntary actions in your body, and does so by the nerves that link to your brain and other parts of your body.
What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?
CNS
PNS
What does CNS stand for?
central nervous system
What does PNS stand for?
peripheral nervous system
What makes up the central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What makes up the peripheral nervous system?
It is a network of nerves throughout the body
What are the functions of the central nervous system?
Take in sensory info from the PNS
Processes info
Sends out motor signals
What does the sensory nerve do?
Transmitting sensations such as pain and touch
What does the motor nerve do?
Controlling muscles
What do the autonomic nerves do?
Regulating automatic functions of the body such as blood pressure and bladder functions
What are the 2 involuntary nerves within our body?
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
What are sympathetic nerves?
nerves that control our active functions needed for survival
What are parasympathetic nerves?
They dampen down the sympathetic nerves and return our body to resting state.
What are the types of strokes?
Ischaemic
Haemorrhagic
What are the biological causes of a Ischaemic stroke?
Blood clots will block blood vessels in the brain, which deprives it of oxygen and nutrients, causing the cells to die.
These clots will form in areas where the arteries are narrowed and blocked by fatty deposits.
What are the biological causes of a Haemorrhagic stroke?
A ruptured blood vessel in the skull causes a bleed around the brain. The blood vessels then press down on the brain tissue which damages the cells.
What are the symptoms of a stroke?
Numbness and weakness on one side of the body.
Slurred speech
Dizziness
What is the medication/treatment for strokes?
Statins
Beta blockers
Alteplase
What do statins do for a stroke?
Lower cholesterol
What do beta-blockers do for a stroke?
Treat high blood pressure
What do alteplase do for a stroke?
Dissolve blood clots and restore blood flow
What surgery can be done to help an individual whose had a stroke?
Surgical stents
Thrombectomy
What is a thrombectomy for a stroke?
Remove blood clots and restore blood flow.
What is Multiple sclerosis?
An autoimmune disease where the immune system of an individual attacks the myelin sheath within the CNS. The scar tissue replaces the nerve tissue, preventing effective nerve transmission.
What are the symptoms of multiple sclerosis?
Fatigue
Muscle stiffness
Blurred vision
Problems with thinking, learning and planning
What are the possible causes of multiple sclerosis?
Genetics- high chance of developing if a relative has it
Smoking- increases chance by 2x the risk
Viral infections
Low vitamin D
How may genetics be a cause of multiple sclerosis?
High chance of developing if a relative to that individual has it.
How may smoking be a cause of multiple sclerosis?
Smokers are twice as likely to develop it than non-smokers, due to the toxic chemicals.
What is the medication for multiple sclerosis?
Steroid medication
What is the treatment for multiple sclerosis?
Physiotherapy and speech and language therapy, but there is no cure.
What are the 2 types of diabetes?
Type 1 and type 2
What is type 1 diabetes?
A condition where the body cannot make insulin. This causes the level of glucose in your blood to get too high.
When does type 1 diabetes usually occur?
often starts in children and young adults, but it can happen at any age.
What does an individual with type 1 diabetes need to take everyday?
needs to take insulin every day to manage blood glucose levels, as the insulin decreases the blood glucose levels.
What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?
When the body cannot make enough insulin, or the insulin now doesn’t work properly.
How can you manage type 2 diabetes?
Eat a healthier diet.
Regular exercise
Stop smoking
Limit volume of alcohol being consumed.
What are the symptoms of diabetes?
Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue and weight loss.
What type of diabetes is more common?
Type 2
What is a contributing factor to type 2 diabetes?
It can be linked to eating lots of carbohydrate and fatty foods.
What is the endocrine system?
A system of glands that produce hormones.
What does the adrenal gland produce?
Adrenaline
What is the purpose of adrenaline?
Prepares body for action.
It is released as a response to threat- fight or flight.
What does the pancreas produce?
Insulin and glucagon
What is the purpose of insulin and glucagon?
They control blood glucose levels in the body.
Insulin lowers it and glucagon rises it.
What does the thyroid produce?
Thyroxin and calcitonin
What is the purpose of thyroxin and calcitonin?
Thyroxin affects growth and sustains metabolism.
Calcitonin regulates calcium absorption and use.
What do the testes produce?
Testosterone
What is the purpose of testosterone?
It affects sexual development, growth of facial hair, changes at puberty and sperm production.
What do the ovaries produce?
Oestrogen and progesterone
What is the purpose of oestrogen and progesterone?
Control breast growth and reproductive functions such as menstration and pregnancy.
What gland is known as the ‘master gland’?
The pituitary gland
What are the types of endocrine glands in our body?
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Thyroid
Pituitary gland
Testes
Ovaries
What is the function of the meninges in the brain?
Your brain is protected by the meninges.
They act as a barrier for infection
What part of the brain is the bridge of nerve tissues that connects the two halves of the brain and enables them to communicate?
Corpus callosum
What is the function of the Corpus callosum?
The part of the brain is the bridge of nerve tissues that connects the two halves of the brain and enables them to communicate
What is the function of the frontal lobes?
Mental processes such as thinking, decision making and planning.
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Regulates our temperature, appetite and thirst.
It also controls a number of hormones.
What is the role of the medulla?
It automatically controls and regulates vital processes such as swallowing, heart rhythm and breathing.
What are the kidneys responsible for?
Responsible for regulating the blood and the removal of urea.
What are the kidneys connected to?
The aorta, by the renal artery.
What does the renal artery supply the kidneys with?
It supplies the kidneys nephrons with blood.
Where is urea formed?
In the liver
How is urea created?
The liver removes nitrogen, creating ammonia which is turned into urea.
Where are our kidneys located?
Beneath our digestive system
How many kidneys do we have?
2
What does the renal artery do in connection with the kidneys?
They supply the working units of the kidneys- kidney nephrons with blood.
How is blood returned to the body from the kidneys?
By the renal vein which drains into the inferior vena cava.
What organ is below the kidneys?
The bladder
What is the role of the bladder?
Store the urine produced by the kidneys
What does the urine travel through when drained from each kidney to the bladder?
ureter
What is the structure of a kidney itself?
There’s an outer cortex which lies above the inner medulla.
In the centre is a fibrous white region called the calyx.
What is the role of the calyx in the kidneys?
It collects urine from the nephrons and passes it onto the ureters.
What is the role of the kidney nephrons?
Helps to remove poisoness wastes from the blood as well as helping to control water, salt, PH and blood pressure levels.
How many nephrons approximately are in each kidney?
A million nephrons in each kidney.
What parts of the kidneys nephron act like a filter?
The glomerulus and the Bowman’s Capsule.
How does blood enter the glomerulus?
At high pressure, and the plasma is forced out of the capillary walls, into the Bowman’s capsule.
What is the rapid exchange of plasma known as?
Ultrafiltration.
What is ultrafiltration?
The rapid exchange of plasma from the glomerulus to the Bowman’s capsule.
What does ultrafiltration remove?
It also removes wastes, nutrients and water from the plasma due to the rapid exchange. This leaves blood proteins behind.
What is the process of reabsorption in the kidneys
Some of the products that have been removed by ultrafiltration can the be absorbed back into the blood in the proximal, distal tubules or the loop of henle.
What parts of the kidney nephron reabsorbs waste that has be ultrafiltrated?
Proximal
Distal Tubules
Loop of Henle
What does the Loop of Henle reabsorb?
Water
What does the Distal Tubules reabsorb?
glucose
Amino acids
vitamins
mineral salts
Apart from the removal of urea, what is the other function of the kidneys?
Water regulation.
What is the process of water regulation in the kidneys called?
Osmoregulation
What is osmoregulation?
Water regulation in the kidneys.
If the balance of water in our body isn’t correct, what are the consequences?
It can be lethal.
What happens if our water levels are too low?
The hypothalumus detects if there’s not enough water in the blood. If so it sends a signal to the pituitary gland to release ADH.
Where are ADH’s target cells lie in the kidneys?
The collecting ducts
What happens if our water levels are too high?
Holding too much water can be dangerous as it can become diluted. The hypothalamus therefore isn’t stimulated and the pituitary gland doesn’t produce ADH, and water is passed to the bladder which makes us urinate more.
What is an example of negative feedback within the system of the kidneys?
Osteoregulation
What is the liver responsible for?
The break down of amino acids by a process called deamination.
What is deamination?
The removal of nitrogen containing parts of amino acids to form urea, followed by the release of energy and the production of ATP from the remainder of the amino acids.
Where does deamination occur?
In the liver
What do liver cells remove?
They remove poisons such as alcohol, or excess drugs such as paracetamol, through detoxification.
What is detoxification?
The removal of poison such as alcohol, or excess drugs such as paracetamol.
What are the two processes in the liver?
Deamination
Detoxification
What are the three processes in the kidneys?
Ultrafiltration
Reabsorption
Osteoregulation
What is the malfunction of the liver?
Cirrhosis
What is cirrhosis?
also known as the cause
When the liver cells are destroyed by excess and continual alcohol abuse.
The cells regenerate but only at a certain pace, and if we don’t give the liver a break from alcohol then scarring will appear.
The scarring prevents the liver from working properly.
What are the symptoms of cirrhosis?
Nausea, vomiting blood, itchy skin, confusion.
Bile may also build up and pass into the blood instead of the gut, leading to jaundice.
How do you diagnose cirrhosis?
Biopsy
Lab tests
What is the treatment for cirrhosis?
Liver transplant is the only way to prevent death.
