Unit 4 Terms to Knoww Flashcards
Enlightenment
Intellectual movement centered in France during 1700s
scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society,
People are mostly good
Humans have rights given by god- Government’s role is to protect those rights (parliamentary monarchy)
Should be judged by merit over privilage
Louis XVI
King of France who was executed during Radical phase of the French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre
Leader of French radicals, made civic religion to replace radicals, killed all suspected counter-revolutionary, eventually is killed
Nationalism
political viewpoint with orgins in Western Europe; urged importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic orgin
Napoleno Bonaparte
general in French army during French Rev.;
led a coup that ended the French Rev
established French Empire under his rule,
defeated and deposed in 1815
Conservativism
political viewpoint iwht orgins in western europe during 19th century
opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church
Liberals
political viewpoint with orgins in Westery Europe during 19th century;
stressed limited state interference in individual life; representation of propertied people in gov; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments
Toussaint L’Overture
Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804.
1st, 2nd, 3rd Estates
1st: clergy - ton of land, not that many, tax exempt
2nd: nobility - ton of land, tax exempt, special rights, not many
3rd: everyone else– peasants and bourgeousie - most of pop
Estates General
Meeting of all 123 estates- Louis XVI calls to fix debt crisis, 2nd want mroe power, 3rd want major changes - SPARK of Revolution
Maximillian von Habsburg
Austrian, proclaimed emperor of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Bentio Juárez in 1867.
Mexican AMerican War
from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces; loss of about one-half of Mexico’s national territory to the United States.
Spanish American War
beginning 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted USA intervention in Carribean annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines
Panama Canal
An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provide short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 1914.
Socialism
political movement with orgins in western Europe 19th Century; urged attack on private property in name of equality
wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploitation of working men
Karl Marx
German who promoted socialimsm said need to end social class struggle
Feminism
sought various legal and economic gains for women, came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle class women active in western Europe at the end of the 19th century
Monroe Doctrine
American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means to opening Latin American trade.
Federalists
Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather then centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals.
Centralists
Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments to impose their concept of rule; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives.
Caudillos
Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America.
Gran Columbia
Independent state created in South America as a result of military success of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate states.
Jose de San Martin
Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; led to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led independence movement in Chile and Peru as well. (p. 592)
Simon Bolivar
Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independence state of Gran Colombia.
Gran Columbia
Independent state created in South America as a result of military success of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate states.
Capitalism
An economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Also promotes a free market regulated by supply and demand.
Natural Rights
political theory that maintains that an individual enters into society with certain basic rights and that no government can deny.
Developed during Enlightenment period
Laissez - Faire
the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs
Constitution
A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed., written doc of
Republic
A political system in which a country is ruled by law, has representative government, and is democratic in nature.
British Raj
British political establishment in India
developed because of Britain and France rivalry
Sepoys
troops of Indians who fought for the British East India Company
Plassey (year)
1757
battle between British East India Company and Indian army of Benegal ruler= GB wone and controlled all of north india
Ram Roy
Western educated Indian leader who helped British outlaw sati
Industrial Revolution
Series of changes in economy of Western Europe between 1740 and 20th century stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity; commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation; in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production.
Proletariat
lass of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries. (p. 387)
Bourgeoisie
middle class
urbanization
growth of urban areas, happened during industrial rev
textiles
The branch of industry involved in the manufacture of cloth
grew a ton during industrial rev
Labor movements (charist)
Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movements failed.
Reform Bill
Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.
1823
Communism
A system of government in which a single, totalitarian, party holds power. It is characterized by state control of the economy, and restriction on personal freedoms. It was first proposed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto.
Social Darwinism
The theory, now largely discredited, that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection…
Suffrage
the right to vote
Tropical Dependencies
few europeands rule lots of natives
india, asia, africa, south pacific
White Dominions
European settlers are magority, natives killed or die from disease
north america and australia
Settlement coloneis
european control and settle, but still majority natives
south america, south africa, algeria, keya
King Leopold
King of Belgium who began imperialistic trade inside of Africa which resulted in the Scramble for Africa.
wanted to privately control Congo
Boer War
South Africa
Fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization in South Africa.
Opium Wars
fought between British and Qing CHina beginning in 1839;
fought to protect British trade of opium
Britain won, Hong Kong became British trade port
Taiping Rebellion
Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentr
Boxer Rebellion
popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreignerers from China;
failed because of intervention of armies of Western powers in China
defeat of CHinese enhanced control of Europeans and the power of provinical officials
Russian Revolution of 1905
Urban worker strikes, pesant unrest, liberal groups mad
police brutality only made people angrier
Matthew Perry
American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; insisted on opening ports to American trade on threat of naval bombardment; won rights for American trade with Japan in 1854.
Meiji Restoration
The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868,
restoring power at long last to the Emperor Meiji.
