Unit 3 Terms To Knos Flashcards
Bartholomne de Las Casa
Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population of the Spanish colonies;
Opposed forced labor and advocated indian rights
Mita
Labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the region
All communities expected to contribute
Essential aspect of Inca imperial control
Mercantilism
Economic theory that stressed gov’s promotion of limitations of exports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues,
Popular during 17-18th century Europe
Seven years war
Fought both in continental Europe and also in over seas colonies between 1756-1763;
Resulted in Prussian seizures of land from Austria, English seizures of colonies in India and North America
Potosi
Mine located in upper Peru (modern Bolivia) largest of New World silver mines; produced 80% of all Peruvian silver
Tenochtitlan
ounded c. 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined with Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of central plateau of Mesoamerica.
chinampas
Bed of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create “floating islands”; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs.
quipu
ystem of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of a writing system; could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records.
split inheritance
Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca’s mummy.
Renaissance
Cultural and political movement in western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages.
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese sailor that went around cape of good hope and tried to dominate indian ocean trade
Henry the Navigator
Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of Western European expansion.
joint-stock company
british and east india companies, ompany that obtained government monopoly over trade in India; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed.
Calcutta
Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years’ War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal.
humanism
Focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages.
reformation
Restatement of traditional Catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs.
Scientific Revolution
Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages
absolute monarchy
Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized state churches, imposed state economic policies.
parliamentary monarchy
Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significantly legislative powers in parliaments.
Ivan III
lso known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik; responsible for freeing Russia from Mongols after 1462; took title of tsar or Caesar - equivalent of emperor.
Ivan IV
Also known as Ivan the Terrible; confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking authority of boyars (aristocrats); continued policy of Russian expansion; established contacts with Western European commerce and culture.
Peter I
Also known as Peter the Great; son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy and culture through imitation of Western European models.
Catherine the Great
German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century; ruled after assassination of her husband; gave appearance of enlightenment rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry.
encomienda
Grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquers and settlers in Mesoamerican and South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies.
columbian exchange
Biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to New World; animals, plants, and diseases of two hemispheres were transferred.
Council of Indies
Body within the Castilian government that issued all laws and advised king on all matters dealing with the Spanish colonies of the New World.
Peninsulares
People living in New World Spanish colonies but born in Spain.
Creoles
White born in the New World; dominated local Latin American economies; ranked just beneath peninsulares.
factories
Portuguese trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; utilized throughout Portuguese trading empire to assure secure landing places and commerce.
Royal African Company
Chartered in 1660s to establish a monopoly over the slave trade among British merchants; supplied African slaves to colonies in Barbados, Jamaica, and Virginia.
triangle trade
trade between Africa, Europe, and Americas- goods, food, slaves, ect.
Zulu
Empire in Africa that resisted settlement moved farther north as Dutch and Portuguese came to south africa
Asante
stablished in Gold Coast among Akan people settled around Kumasi; dominated by Oyoko clan; many clans linked under Osei Tutu after 1650.
Dahomey
Kingdom developed among Fon or Aja peoples in 17th century; center at Abomey 70 miles from coast; under King Agaja expanded to control coastline and port of Whydah by 1727; accepted Western firearms and goods in return for African slaves.
candomble
African religious ideas and practices in Brazil, particularly among the Yoruba people. - showed cultural syncretism of christian and african
vodun
African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti. - shows cultural syncretism of christian and african
Calcutta
Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengalin in India located on Gages;
Captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years War,
Later became administrative center for all of Benegal
