Unit 1 Terms To Know Flashcards
hunting and gathering
the original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries
Catal Huyuk
early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratificiation
Neolithic Revolution
the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture
8500-3500 BCE
- introduced at different times wiht different crops
- first in Middle East, then Africa
- most likely started by women
Cuneiform
a form of writing developed by the sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets
Civilizations
- societies distinguished by
- reliance on sedentary agriculture,
- ability to produce food surpluses,
- existence of nonfarming elite,
- and merchang and manufacturing groups
nomads
cattle and sheep herding societies nomrally on fringes of civilizations, viewed as “barbarians” by civilizations
Mesopotamia
literally “between the rivers:, the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys
Sumerians
people who migrated into Mesopotamia, created first civilization in region, organized area into city-states
ziggurats
massive towers assocaited with Mesopotamian temple complexes
City-states
forms of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations, consisted of agricultureal hinterlands ruled by an urban-based King
Hammurabi’s Code
Hammurabi: most important ruler of Babylonian empire, responsible for:
Code: rules of procedure for courts of law, regulated property rights and duties of family members, set harsh punishments for crimes
Harappa/Mohenjo Daro
major urban complexes of Hrappan civilization; laid out on planned grid patterns
Indus River Valley
river sources in Himalaywas to mouth of Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization
Oracles
shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future thorugh interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat, inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing
Phoenicians
seafaring civilization on shores of east. med, establihsed colonies throughout hte Mediteranian
monotheism
the exclusive worhsip of a single god; introduced by JEws into western civilization
Shi Huangdi
founder of brief Qin dynasty in 221 BCE
Confucianism
philosiphy based on need for restoration of order thorugh obedience towards superior but respect to inferior; more like a political theory than religion
Sil Roads
network of trade through central Asia for luxury goods and silk
monsoons
seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer brings rains
Sanskrit
the classical and sacred Indian language
Mauryan
dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alex the G
Ashoka
grandson of Chandgragupta Maurya(founder of Mauryan dynasty) completed conquest of Indian subcontinent, converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion thoruhgout empire
Buddha
creator of major indian and Asia religion, born in 6th century BCE as a son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became and ascetic; found enlightennement under bo tree; taught enlightennment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earlthyly things
scholar-gentry
Chinese class created by the maritial linkage of local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governers of China
Peloponnesian Wars
wars from 431-404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in S. greece, resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece
Hellenism
the culture assocaited with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquest, often seena shte combination of Greek culture wiht eastern political forms
Roman Republic
the balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510-476 BCE, featured an aristocratic senate, a powerful panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies
PUnic Wars
fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean, won by Rome after 3 separate conflicts
polis
city state form of gov typical of greek political orgainzation from 800-400 BCE
Constantine
roman emperor from 312-337 CE; established second capital at COnstantinople, attempted to use reliigons force of Christinaiyt to spiritulal y unify empire
Aristotle
greek philosopher, teacher of Alex the G, knowledged based on observation and phenomina in material world
caste system
class system in INdia
Before 8000 BCE
- use tools
- predominate economy- hunting and gathering
- extreamly dispersed
Changes after Neolithic Revolution
- food surplus -> population growth
- job specialization
- view of children changes
- divide b/w genders- patriarchal society
- divide b/w settled and nomads-“barbarians”
Paleolithic/ Neolithic eras
Stone age/ new Stone age- refinement of tools for agriculture
Characteristics of civilizations
- formal politics
- more attention to economics, politics, religious institutions
- higher concentration of people- cities
- writing
- job specializaiton
- advanced art/literature
- long-distance trade
