Unit 1 Terms To Know

Question 1

hunting and gathering

Answer 1

the original human economy, ultimately eclipsed by agriculture; groups hunt for meat and forage for grains, nuts, and berries

Question 2

Catal Huyuk

Answer 2

early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratificiation

Question 3

Neolithic Revolution

Answer 3

the succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture

8500-3500 BCE

• introduced at different times wiht different crops
• first in Middle East, then Africa
• most likely started by women

Question 4

Cuneiform

Answer 4

a form of writing developed by the sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets

Question 5

Civilizations

Answer 5

• societies distinguished by
• reliance on sedentary agriculture,
• ability to produce food surpluses,
• existence of nonfarming elite,
• and merchang and manufacturing groups

Question 6

nomads

Answer 6

cattle and sheep herding societies nomrally on fringes of civilizations, viewed as “barbarians” by civilizations

Question 7

Mesopotamia

Answer 7

literally “between the rivers:, the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys

Question 8

Sumerians

Answer 8

people who migrated into Mesopotamia, created first civilization in region, organized area into city-states

Question 9

ziggurats

Answer 9

massive towers assocaited with Mesopotamian temple complexes

Question 10

City-states

Answer 10

forms of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations, consisted of agricultureal hinterlands ruled by an urban-based King

Question 11

Hammurabi’s Code

Answer 11

Hammurabi: most important ruler of Babylonian empire, responsible for:

Code: rules of procedure for courts of law, regulated property rights and duties of family members, set harsh punishments for crimes

Question 12

Harappa/Mohenjo Daro

Answer 12

major urban complexes of Hrappan civilization; laid out on planned grid patterns

Question 13

Indus River Valley

Answer 13

river sources in Himalaywas to mouth of Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization

Question 14

Oracles

Answer 14

shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future thorugh interpretations of animal bones cracked by heat, inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing

Question 15

Phoenicians

Answer 15

seafaring civilization on shores of east. med, establihsed colonies throughout hte Mediteranian

Question 16

monotheism

Answer 16

the exclusive worhsip of a single god; introduced by JEws into western civilization

Question 17

Shi Huangdi

Answer 17

founder of brief Qin dynasty in 221 BCE

Question 18

Confucianism

Answer 18

philosiphy based on need for restoration of order thorugh obedience towards superior but respect to inferior; more like a political theory than religion

Question 19

Sil Roads

Answer 19

network of trade through central Asia for luxury goods and silk

Question 20

monsoons

Answer 20

seasonal winds crossing Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia; during summer brings rains

Question 21

Sanskrit

Answer 21

the classical and sacred Indian language

Question 22

Mauryan

Answer 22

dynasty established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century BCE following invasion by Alex the G

Question 23

Ashoka

Answer 23

grandson of Chandgragupta Maurya(founder of Mauryan dynasty) completed conquest of Indian subcontinent, converted to Buddhism and sponsored spread of new religion thoruhgout empire

Question 24

Buddha

Answer 24

creator of major indian and Asia religion, born in 6th century BCE as a son of local ruler among Aryan tribes located near Himalayas; became and ascetic; found enlightennement under bo tree; taught enlightennment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for all earlthyly things

Question 25

scholar-gentry

Answer 25

Chinese class created by the maritial linkage of local land-holding aristocracy with the office-holding shi; superseded shi as governers of China

Question 26

Peloponnesian Wars

Answer 26

wars from 431-404 BCE between Athens and Sparta for dominance in S. greece, resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece

Question 27

Hellenism

Answer 27

the culture assocaited with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquest, often seena shte combination of Greek culture wiht eastern political forms

Question 28

Roman Republic

Answer 28

the balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510-476 BCE, featured an aristocratic senate, a powerful panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies

Question 29

PUnic Wars

Answer 29

fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean, won by Rome after 3 separate conflicts

Question 30

polis

Answer 30

city state form of gov typical of greek political orgainzation from 800-400 BCE

Question 31

Constantine

Answer 31

roman emperor from 312-337 CE; established second capital at COnstantinople, attempted to use reliigons force of Christinaiyt to spiritulal y unify empire

Question 32

Aristotle

Answer 32

greek philosopher, teacher of Alex the G, knowledged based on observation and phenomina in material world

Question 33

caste system

Answer 33

class system in INdia

Question 34

Before 8000 BCE

Answer 34

• use tools
• predominate economy- hunting and gathering
• extreamly dispersed

Question 35

Changes after Neolithic Revolution

Answer 35

• food surplus -> population growth
• job specialization
• view of children changes
• divide b/w genders- patriarchal society
• divide b/w settled and nomads-“barbarians”

Question 36

Paleolithic/ Neolithic eras

Answer 36

Stone age/ new Stone age- refinement of tools for agriculture

Question 37

Characteristics of civilizations

Answer 37

• formal politics
• more attention to economics, politics, religious institutions
• higher concentration of people- cities
• writing
• job specializaiton
• advanced art/literature
• long-distance trade