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WHAP > Unit 2 vocab > Flashcards

Unit 2 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Bedouin

A

nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam

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2
Q

Mecca

A

city located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian penninsula
formed by Umayyad clan of Quraysh
site of the Ka'ba</li>
original home of Muhammad
location of chief religions pilgramage point in Islam

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3
Q

Umayyad</p>

A

Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca
clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam

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4
Q

Quraysh</p>

A

Tribe of Bedouins that controlled Mecca in 600s

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5
Q

Ka’ba

A

most reverened religions shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia
located in Mecca
focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes
later incorporated as important shrine in Islam

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6
Q

Medina</p>

A

also known as Yathrib</li>

	town located northeast of Mecca</li>

	grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins</li>

	became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra)
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7
Q

<p>

| Muhammad</p>

A 
<ul>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		Prophet of Islam</li>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		born c. 57- to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca</li>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		raised by father&#39;s family</li>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		said to recieve revelations from Allah in 610 CE</li>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		died in 632</li>
</ul>
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8
Q

<p>

| Qur&#39;an</p>

A

<p>

| recitations of revelations received by Muhammad, holy book of Islam</p>

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9
Q

<p>

| Umma</p>

A

<p>

| community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity </p>

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10
Q

<p>

| Zakat</p>

A

<p>

| tax for charity, obligatory for all Muslims</p>

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11
Q

<p>

| Five Pillars of Islam</p>

A 
<ul>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		Confession / testimony of faith</li>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		prayer 5 times daily towards Mecca</li>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		fasting during Ramadan</li>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		zakat- tax for charity</li>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		hajj- pilgramige to Mecca</li>
</ul>
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12
Q

<p>

| Ramadan</p>

A

<p>

| Islamic month of religions observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset</p>

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13
Q

<p>

| hajj</p>

A

<p>
A muslim&#39;s pilgramage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka&#39;ab</p>

<p>
unified Islamic people</p>

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14
Q

<p>

| Abu Bakr</p>

A

<p>
one of Muhammad&#39;s earliest converts</p>

<p>
succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community</p>

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15
Q

<p>

| Ridda Wars</p>

A 
<ul>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		wars that followed Muhammad&#39;s death in 632</li>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		resulted in difieat of firval prophets and some larger clans</li>
	<li style="text-align: center;">
		restored unity of Islam</li>
</ul>
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16
Q

<p>

| Ali</p>

A

<p>

| cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, one of orthodox caliphs, focus for Shi&#39;a</p>

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17
Q

<p>

| Khadijah</p>

A

<p>

| first wife of Muhammad , who had worked for her as a trader</p>

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18
Q

jihad</p>

A

struggle, often used for wars in defense of the faith </p>

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19
Q

Copts</p>

A

Christian sect in Egypt, tended to support Islamic invasions in preference to Byzantine rule</p>

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20
Q

<p>

| Nestorians</p>

A

<p>
A christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasion in preferene to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasion </p>

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21
Q

<p>

| Uthman</p>

A

<ul>
<li>
third caliph and member of Umayyad clan</li>
<li>
murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt</li>
<li>
death set off civil war in Islma b/w followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan- didn&#39;t like that he was chosen by Umayyads</li>
</ul>

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22
Q

Battle of Siffin</p>

A

in 657 b/w forces of Ali and Umayyads

settled by negotiation that led to the fragmentation of Ali’s party

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23
Q

<p>

| Mu&#39;awiya</p>

A

<p>

| leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war w/ Ali</p>

24
Q

<p>

| Karbala</p>

A

<p>
site of defeat and death of Husayn- second son of Ali</p>

<p>
marked beginning of Shi&#39;a resistance to Umayyad caphilite</p>

25
Q

Damascus</p>

A

Syryan city that was capital of Umayyad caphilate</p>

26
Q

Dhimmi</p>

A

literally "people of the book
applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastriands and Hindus</li>
</ul>

27
Q

hadiths</p>

A

traditions of the prophet</p>

28
Q

mawali</p>

A

non-arab converts to Islam</p>

29
Q

jizya</p>

A

head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories</p>

30
Q

Baghdad

A

Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Clesiphon

31
Q

Wazir

A

Chief administrative official under Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire

32
Q

hadiths

A

traditions of the prophet

33
Q

Abbasid

A

dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam. came to power in 750

34
Q

Battle of the River Zab

A

victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital

35
Q

al-Mahdi

A

third of Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi’a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession

36
Q

Buyids

A

regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th centufy; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of Sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads

37
Q

Seljuk Turks

A

Nomadic invaders from centeral Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid 11th century

38
Q

Crusades

A

series of military adventures initially launched by western christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporary succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms ; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy

39
Q

Shah-Nama

A

written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquest

40
Q

ulama

A

orthodox religious scholars whithin Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking

41
Q

al-Ghazali

A

briliant ISlamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Quranic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama

42
Q

Mongols

A

central Asian nomadic peoples, smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph

43
Q

Chiggis Khan

A

born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206, responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world.

44
Q

Muhammad ibn Qasim

A

Arab general; conquered Sind in INdia; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire

45
Q

bhaktic cults

A

Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stresseed the importance of strong emotional bonds b/w devotees and teh goddesses who were the object of their veneration; most widely worshiped gods were Shiva and VIshnu

46
Q

Mira Bai

A

celebrated writer of HIndu religious poetry; reflected openess of bhaktic cults to women

47
Q

Kabir

A

Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences b/w HInduism and Islam

48
Q

Shrivijaya

A

trading empire centered on Malacca strait b/w Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist gov. resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southern Asia to Muslim conversion

49
Q

Malaca

A

Portugese factory of fortified trade town located on the tip of the Mayalan penninsula; traditionaly a center for treade among the south eastern Asian islands

50
Q

juula

A

malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire; eventually spread to muhc of west Africa

51
Q

Sundiata

A

The “Lion Prince”; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died about 1260

52
Q

griots

A

professional oral hsitorians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kinggs within the Mali Empire

53
Q

Ibn Batuta

A

Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel recores

54
Q

Timbuktu

A

port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and a university

55
Q

Songhay

A

successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger Valley; formed as independant kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao, reached imperial status under Sunnni Ali

56
Q

Muhammad the Great

A

extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islmaic rule of the mid 16th century

57
Q

Hausa

A

peoples of northern nigeria; formed states following the demise of SOnghay Emprie that combined Muslim and pagan traditions

WHAP (9 decks)

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