Unit 2 Terms To Know Flashcards
Jizya
Head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories
Mecca
City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in The Arabian Penninsula; formed by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka’ab; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam
Dhimmi
Literally “people of the book”; adopted as inclusive term for Jews and Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus
Bhaktic cults
Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshiped gods were shiva and Vishnu
Ibn Battuta
Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records
Hagia Sophia
New church constructed in Constantinople during reign of Justinian
Cyril and methodius
Missionaries sent by Byzantine gov to eastern Europe and the balkans; converted southern Russia an Balkans to orthodox Christianity; responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic
Vladimir 1
Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev from 180-1010; converted kingdom to Christianity by force
Vikings
Sea going Scandinavian raiders from sweeten, Denmark, and Norway who disrupted coastal areas of Western Europe in the 700-1000s
Manorialism
System that described the economic and political relationships between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; involved a hierarchy of reciprocal obligations that exchanged labor or rents for access to land
Charlemagne
Charles the Great; caroligian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany around 800
Magna Carta
Great charter issued by king John of Engla d jn 1215; confirmed feudal rights against monarchial claims; represented principle if mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy
Urban II
Pope who called first crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from the Muslims
Guilds
Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships,, guaranteed good workmanship; often established franchise within cities
Black Death
Plague that struck Europe in 1300s; significantly reduced Europe’s population; affected social structure
Neo-Confucianism
Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era china; great impact on following dynasties; emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences.
Grand Canal
Built in 7th c they during reign if Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north china plain with the Yangtze river asinine to the south; nearly 1200 miles long
Junks
Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominate force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula
Sui dyanasty
Short lived dynasty of China fro
581-618 that reunified Dynastic rule, before Tang. Restored examination system, made Grand Canal. Leader Yangdi
Empress Wu
Tang ruler 690-705 in China; supported Buddhist establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state religion; had multistory statue of Buddha created
Footbinding
Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women’s feat to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women’s movement; made it easier to confine to household
Taika reforms
Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an an absolute Chinese style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army
Gempei wars
Waged for 5 years from 1180 in Japan on Honsu between Taira and Minamoto families
Samauri
Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushings) loyal to local lords, not the emperor
Shogun
Military leaders of the Bakfu- Japanese military
Daimyo
Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and sirjltion of Ashikaga shogunate; holdings consolidated info unified and bounded mini-states
Sinification
Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam
Golden Horde
One of the four subdivisions of the Mongol empire after Chinggis khans death, originally filed by his grandson Batu, territory covered much of of what is today central russia
Kubilai khan
Grandson of Chinggis khan, commander of Mongol forces responsible for conquest in China; became Ogaden jn 1260; established sinicized Mongol Yuan dynasty in 1271
Timur
Also known as Tamerlane; leader of Turkic nomads beginning jn 1360s from base at Samerkand; launched series of attacks in Persia, the ferte cresent, India, and southern Russia, empire disintegrated after his death in 1405
Chinggis khan
Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul khan, elected khagan of all mongol tribes I’m 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China; territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world
Marco polo
1254-1324 Italian traveler whose accounts of China spurred European interest in Asia, lived at palace of Kuhlai Khan
