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AP Psych > Unit 4 Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

Unit 4 Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

process by which a stimulated receptor creates a pattern of neural messages that represent the stimulus in the brain giving rise to our initial experience of the stimulus

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2
Q

Photoreceptors

A

light-sensitive cells (neurons) in the retina that convert light energy into neural energy

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3
Q

Fovea

A
  • Area of sharpest vision
  • Central focal point in the retina which has the highest concentration of cones
  • Clearest, most detailed point of vision
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4
Q

Optic Nerve

A

bundle of bipolar and ganglion cells which carry the visual information from the retina to the brain. Where the stimulus, once changed into a neural impulse, gets passed onto the brain (thalamus→ occipital lobe) (processed by visual cortex)

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5
Q

Perception

A

a mental process that elaborates and assigns meaning to the incoming sensory patterns

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6
Q

Bottom up processing

A

analysis that emphasizes the characteristics of the stimuli rather than our concepts and expectations

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7
Q

bottom up processing is _____________ and top down processing is _____________

A

sensation; perception

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8
Q

Top down processing

A

analysis that emphasizes the perceiver’s expectations, concept memories, and other cognitive factors rather than individual factors

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9
Q

Binocular cues

A

rely on info from both eyes

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10
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

diminishing responsiveness of our sensory systems to prolonged stimulation.

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11
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

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12
Q

Operational definition of absolute threshold

A

The presence or absence of a stimulus is detected correctly half the time over many trials.

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13
Q

Difference thresholds

A

The smallest amount by which a stimulus can be changed and the difference be detected, half of the time

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14
Q

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A

The minimal amount of change in the signal that is still recognizable

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15
Q

Weber’s Law, Weber-Fechner Law of JND

A

The law states that the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus

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16
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Detecting a weak stimulus not only depends on the signals strength, but also on our psychological state

experience and motivation can affect our ability to detect a stimulus aka your absolute threshold changes depending on situation

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17
Q

Subliminal Threshold

A

stimuli received below our conscious level of awareness

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18
Q

Selective Attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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19
Q

Cocktail party effect

A

the ability to attend to one voice out of many around you

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20
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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21
Q

Change Blindness

A

Failing to notice change in the environment around us

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22
Q

Transduction

A

The sensory process that converts energy, such as light or sound waves, into the form of neural messages

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23
Q

Cornea

A

The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye

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24
Q

Pupil

A

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

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25
Q

Retina

A

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

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26
Q

Iris

A

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

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27
Q

Lens

A

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

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28
Q

Accomodation

A

process by which lens changes shape to focus light on retina

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29
Q

Blind Spot

A

The point where the optic nerve exits the eye and where there are no photoreceptors

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30
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green

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31
Q

Perceptual set

A

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

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32
Q

Feature receptors

A

nerve cells in the visual cortex that respond to lines, edges, angles, ands movement

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33
Q

sound waves

A

expanding and contracting air molecules

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34
Q

3 components of the outer ear

A

pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane

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35
Q

3 components of the middle ear

A

hammer, anvil, stirrup

36
Q

3 components of the inner ear

A

cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals

37
Q

Gestalt Psychologists

A

argue that the brain forms a perceptual whole that is more than the mere sum of its sensory parts

38
Q

transduction occurs in the ____________

A

basilar membrane

39
Q

eardrum

A

a membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves; the tympanic membrane

40
Q

Middle Ear

A

the air-filled central cavity of the ear which transmits the eardrums vibrations through a piston made of three tiny bones: hammer, anvil, stirrup (auditory ossicles)

41
Q

Law of Similarity (Gestalt)

A

objects that are similar tend to be grouped together

42
Q

Inner ear

A

inner most part of the ear containing cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

43
Q

Cochlea

A

snail shaped, fluid filled tube of the inner ear which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations

44
Q

law of proximity

A

The Gestalt principle that we tend to group objects together when they are near each other

45
Q

law of continuity

A

The Gestalt principle that we prefer perceptions of connected and continuous figures to disconnected and disjointed ones

46
Q

law of common fate

A

The Gestalt principle that we tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion or destination

47
Q

Oval Window

A

membrane that covers the opening between the middle ear and inner ear

48
Q

basilar membrane

A

A structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells

49
Q

semicircular canals

A

three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear responsible for our sense of balance

50
Q

auditory nerve

A

transmits information from the inner ear (cochlea) to the brain in the form of sound

51
Q

Frequency

A

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

52
Q

Amplitude

A

Height of a wave

53
Q

Audition

A

sense of hearing

54
Q

Place theory

A

perception of pitch depends on what area of the basilar membrane is vibrating

55
Q

Frequency theory

A

perception of pitch depends on the rate at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates. The whole basilar membrane vibrates in response to sound

56
Q

Conduction deafness

A

inability to hear, resulting from damage to the structures of the middle or inner ear

57
Q

Nerve deafness

A

inability to hear, linked to a deficit in the body’s ability to transmit impulses from the cochlea to the brain

58
Q

Vestibular sense

A

sense of body orientation with respect to gravity

59
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

keeps track of body parts, relative to each other

60
Q

Gate-control theory

A

explanation for pain control that proposes we have a neural “gate” that can, under some circumstances, block incoming pain

61
Q

Gustation

A

sense of taste

62
Q

tastebuds

A

bitter, sour, salt, sweet, umani

63
Q

olfaction

A

sense of smell

64
Q

Depth perception

A

enables us see things in 3 dimension and judge distances

65
Q

Retinal disparity

A

the differences between the images stimulating each eye- binocular

66
Q

convergence

A

eyes turn inward as object gets closer- binocular

67
Q

binocular cues

A

rely on info from both eyes

68
Q

Monocular Cues

A

lets us judge depth using info from 1 eye

69
Q

Relative Size

A

If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be farther away-monocular

70
Q

relative clearness

A

clear, more detailed objects are perceived as closer- monocular

71
Q

Interposition/Overlay

A

Objects that block other objects tend to be perceived as closer- monocular

72
Q

Relative Height

A

objects placed higher in a picture relative to the ground are perceived as being farther away and objects placed lower on page are perceived as closer- monocular

73
Q

Relative motion

A

As we move, objects which are stable may appear to move- monocular

74
Q

Linear Perspective

A

Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge in the distance- monocular

75
Q

Light and Shadow

A

Nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than more distant objects- monocular

76
Q

perceptual constancy

A

The ability to recognize the same object as remaining “constant” under changing conditions is called perceptual consistency

77
Q

Size constancy

A

Perception of objects as unchanging in size despite their changing retinal images

78
Q

Light constancy

A

perceiving an object with constant lightness even if illumination changes

79
Q

color constancy

A

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even when changing illumination filters the light reflected by the object

80
Q

shape constancy

A

perceiving an object as unchanging in shape despite its changing retinal image

81
Q

perceptual set

A

readiness to detect a particular stimulus in a given situation

82
Q

Gestalt Theory

A

Gestalt Psychologists argue that the brain forms a perceptual whole that is more than the mere sum of its sensory parts

83
Q

Figure (Gestalt)

A

part of a pattern that commands attention…stands out

84
Q

Ground (Gestalt)

A

part of the pattern that does not command attention…background

85
Q

closure

A

filling in the blanks

AP Psych (8 decks)

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