States of Consciousness

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

The process underlying the mental model we create of the world of which we are aware.

Question 2

3 main functions of consciousness

Answer 2

restricts our attention, provides us with mental “meeting place”, allows us to create a mental model of the world

Question 3

Biological Rhythms

Answer 3

Periodic physiological fluctuations which affect body processes like temperature, blood pressure, and the effectiveness of medicines.

Question 4

Circadian Rhythms

Answer 4

Occur once during a 24 hour period.
Ex. Sleep-wake cycle

Question 5

Ultradian Rhythms

Answer 5

Occur more than once a day.

Question 6

Infradian Rhythms

Answer 6

Occur once a month or a season.

Question 7

sleep theories

Answer 7

sleep protects us-evolutionary theory
Sleep helps us recuperate-repairs brain tissue
Sleeping to remember-helps rebuild our fading memories
Sleep to grow-during deep sleep the pituitary gland releases a growth hormone

Question 8

Alpha Waves

Answer 8

slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain

Question 9

Theta Waves

Answer 9

In-between waves (N-REM 2)

Question 10

Delta Waves

Answer 10

large, slow waves of deep sleep

Question 11

Hallucinations

Answer 11

false sensory experiences

Question 12

when do spindles occur

Answer 12

nrem2

Question 13

REM sleep

Answer 13

A recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur

Question 14

Effects of Sleep Loss

Answer 14

fatigue
impaired concentration
depressed immune system
greater vulnerability to accidents

Question 15

insomnia

Answer 15

recurring problems fallling or staying asleep

Question 16

sleep apnea

Answer 16

a sleep disorder characterized by a temporary stoppage in breathing forcing the person to wake

Question 17

Narcolepsy

Answer 17

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks.

Question 18

Sleepwalking

Answer 18

The sleepwalker can walk, talk and see, but will have little or no memory of the event when they wake up

Question 19

Night Terrors

Answer 19

A sleep related problem characterized by high alertness and an appearance of being terrified.

Question 20

Bruxism

Answer 20

Teeth grinding

Question 21

Myoclonus

Answer 21

Sudden movement or flinch of a body part occurring in Stage 1 or 2

Question 22

manifest content

Answer 22

the dream’s story line

Question 23

latent content

Answer 23

the (supposed) symbolic meaning

Question 24

Information Processing

Answer 24

An important memory-related function of sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences.

Question 25

Physiological function

Answer 25

Neural activity during REM sleep which provides necessary brain stimulation and growth

Question 26

Activation-synthesis

Answer 26

Our brain’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in various parts of our brain

Question 27

Cognitive Theory

Answer 27

Dream are the embodiment of thoughts

Question 28

Hypnosis

Answer 28

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another person (the subject) that certain perceptions, cognitions or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

Question 29

Psychoactive Drug

Answer 29

A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

Question 30

Physical dependence

Answer 30

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

Question 31

Psychological dependence

Answer 31

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

Question 32

Addiction

Answer 32

compulsive drug craving and use, despite consequences

Question 33

Depressants

Answer 33

Drugs that reduce neural activity Slow body functions alcohol, barbiturates, opiates

Question 34

Stimulants

Answer 34

Drugs that excite neural activity Speed up body functions caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine

Question 35

Hallucinogens

Answer 35

Psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD, THC

Question 36

Alcohol- depressant

Answer 36

Disinhibition Slowed neural processing Memory disruption Reduced self awareness

Question 37

Barbiturates- depressant

Answer 37

Tranquilizers Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment Nembutal, Seconal—produce sleep, reduce anxiety

Question 38

Opiates- depressant

Answer 38

Brains own opiate= endorphins Heroin Medically prescribed for pain reducing (narcotics)--morphine, codeine, methadone Opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety Highly addictive

Question 39

Nicotine- Stimulant

Answer 39

Stimulating and highly addictive drug in tobacco

Question 40

Amphetamines- stimulant

Answer 40

Drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes Parent drug to methamphetamines--chemically similar, has greater effect Results in short term energy and euphoria Eventually reduces baseline dopamine level, leaving user permanently depressed Cocaine--derived from cocoa plants, produces temporary alertness and euphoria

Question 41

caffeine (stimulant)

Answer 41

World’s most widely consumed psychoactive substance Mild dose lasts 3 to 4 hours—coffees, teas, soft drinks Reduces sleep, produces tolerance

Question 42

Ecstasy (MDMA) hallucinogen

Answer 42

Synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen Releases dopamine and serotonin—blocks reabsorption of serotonin—thus prolonging feel good flow Both short-term and long-term health risks

Question 43

LSD hallucinogen

Answer 43

Similar neurotransmitter serotonin A powerful hallucinogenic drug Also known as acid

Question 44

THC hallucinogen

Answer 44

The major active ingredient in marijuana, triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations