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AP Psych > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

The psychological qualities that bring consistency to an individual’s thoughts and behaviors in different situations and at different times

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2
Q

Conscious

A

area of the mind which is focused on the present—mental model of the world which we are aware of

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3
Q

Preconscious

A

cognitions not currently in our conscious mind but could be recalled at will

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4
Q

Unconscious

A

cognitions without our awareness

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5
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Focuses on how the mind’s energy is exchanged, transformed and expressed

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6
Q

Free association

A

A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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7
Q

parts of personality

A

id, ego, superego

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8
Q

The Id

A

houses basic motives, drives and instinctive desires that determine our personalities.

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9
Q

pleasure principle

A

always acts on impulse and seeks immediate pleasure (the motive to obtain pleasure immediately and avoid discomfort)

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10
Q

Libido

A

sexual energy or motivation

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11
Q

Superego

A

“police” of personality
The inner voice of shoulds and should nots

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12
Q

The Ego

A

the conscious, rational part of the mind

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13
Q

reality principle

A

postponing gratification until the appropriate time presents itself

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14
Q

defense mechanisms

A

distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety

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15
Q

Freud’s Pychosexual Stages

A

oral, anal, phallic,latemcy, genital

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16
Q

oral stage

A

0-18 months; Pleasure centers on the mouth: sucking, biting, chewing

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17
Q

anal stage

A

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control 18-36 months

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18
Q

phallic stage

A

3-6 years, pleasure zone in genitals, coping with incestuos sexual feelings, (electra and oedipus)

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19
Q

latency stage

A

6- puberty, dormant sexual feelings

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20
Q

genital stage

A

puberty on, maturation of sexual interests

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21
Q

oedipus complex

A

boy in love with their mother

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22
Q

Electra complex

A

girl in love with their father

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23
Q

Identification

A

boys love their mom/identify with their dad

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24
Q

Penis envy

A

girls desire to have a penis-attracted to males

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25
Fixation
a lingering focus in a psychosexual stage
26
Anal retentive
organized, anal expulsive: messy
27
Oral Stage Fixation Traits
Depending too much on others Rejecting others Very sarcastic Overeating Heavy smokers Biting fingernails
28
Anal expulsive personality
Very messy and disorganized Very emotional rebellious
29
Phallic Stage Fixation Traits
Individuals have trouble relating to members of the opposite sex Male: Oedipus Complex vain – needs to prove he’s a real man Female: Electra Complex strive for superiority over men criticizing and dominating men
30
Projective Test
a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics
31
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
32
Repression
the ego defense that excludes unacceptable or inappropriate thoughts and feelings from our awareness
33
Regression
an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
34
Reaction formation
the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulse into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
35
Rationalization
offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions
36
Displacement
Diverts sexual or aggressive impulses towards an object or person that is psychologically acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings
37
Sublimation
people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities
38
Denial
people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities
39
Projection
disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others (the thief thinks everyone else is a thief)
40
Alfred Adler
importance of childhood social tension
41
Karen Horney
sought to balance freud's masculine biases, womb envy, sense of helplessness Neurosis: driving need for something or someone, 10 neurotic needs
42
Carl Jung
collective unconscious underdog theory
43
Hierarchy of Needs (bottom to top)
Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization
44
Physiological needs
breathing, safety, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis
45
Safety needs
security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, of property
46
Love/Belonging needs
friendship/ family/ sexual intimacy
47
Esteem needs
self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others
48
Self-actualization
morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
49
fully functioning person
individual who has a self-concept that is positive and congruent with reality
50
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves
51
cardinal trait
a characteristic or feature so important to a person that they are identified by it (Mother Teresa)
52
Central trait
traits that make us predictable in most situations
53
secondary trait
least important of the 3 but conveys our preferences to items such as food or music
54
factor analysis
Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of correlated test items that tap basic components of intelligence
55
extraversion
social, outgoing, active, lively
56
introversion
thoughtful, reserved, quiet
57
emotional stability
easy-going, relaxed, well-adjusted, even tempered
58
emotional instability
moody, anxious, restless
59
five factor theory
A perspective suggesting that personality is composed of five core traits, which are stable dispositions that drive behavior
60
Five factors
Consciousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openess Extraversion
61
Personality Inventory
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
62
Empirically Derived Test
a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
63
Criticisms of trait theory
- Poor predictor of future behavior - does not address development - no means of change
64
Self efficacy
belief in oneself in order to achieve a goal.
65
Reciprocal Determinism
One’s personality is influenced by three factors--the environment, cognitions, and behavior--in addition, all three factors can be influenced by each other
66
Self-control
Ability to control impulses and delay gratification
67
Locus of Control--internal locus and external, Julian Rotter
our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless
68
Internal Locus of Control
the perception that one controls one’s own fate
69
External Locus of Control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate
70
Learned Helplessness (Martin Seligman)
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
71
Self
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
72
spotlight effect
Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
73
Self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
74
Individualism
giving priority to one’s own goals to over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
75
Collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

AP Psych (8 decks)

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