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AP Psych > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

The psychological qualities that bring consistency to an individual’s thoughts and behaviors in different situations and at different times

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2
Q

Conscious

A

area of the mind which is focused on the present—mental model of the world which we are aware of

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3
Q

Preconscious

A

cognitions not currently in our conscious mind but could be recalled at will

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4
Q

Unconscious

A

cognitions without our awareness

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5
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Focuses on how the mind’s energy is exchanged, transformed and expressed

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6
Q

Free association

A

A method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

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7
Q

parts of personality

A

id, ego, superego

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8
Q

The Id

A

houses basic motives, drives and instinctive desires that determine our personalities.

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9
Q

pleasure principle

A

always acts on impulse and seeks immediate pleasure (the motive to obtain pleasure immediately and avoid discomfort)

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10
Q

Libido

A

sexual energy or motivation

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11
Q

Superego

A

“police” of personality
The inner voice of shoulds and should nots

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12
Q

The Ego

A

the conscious, rational part of the mind

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13
Q

reality principle

A

postponing gratification until the appropriate time presents itself

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14
Q

defense mechanisms

A

distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety

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15
Q

Freud’s Pychosexual Stages

A

oral, anal, phallic,latemcy, genital

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16
Q

oral stage

A

0-18 months; Pleasure centers on the mouth: sucking, biting, chewing

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17
Q

anal stage

A

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control 18-36 months

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18
Q

phallic stage

A

3-6 years, pleasure zone in genitals, coping with incestuos sexual feelings, (electra and oedipus)

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19
Q

latency stage

A

6- puberty, dormant sexual feelings

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20
Q

genital stage

A

puberty on, maturation of sexual interests

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21
Q

oedipus complex

A

boy in love with their mother

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22
Q

Electra complex

A

girl in love with their father

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23
Q

Identification

A

boys love their mom/identify with their dad

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24
Q

Penis envy

A

girls desire to have a penis-attracted to males

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25
Q

Fixation

A

a lingering focus in a psychosexual stage

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26
Q

Anal retentive

A

organized, anal expulsive: messy

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27
Q

Oral Stage Fixation Traits

A

Depending too much on others
Rejecting others
Very sarcastic
Overeating
Heavy smokers
Biting fingernails

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28
Q

Anal expulsive personality

A

Very messy and disorganized
Very emotional
rebellious

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29
Q

Phallic Stage Fixation Traits

A

Individuals have trouble relating to members of the opposite sex
Male: Oedipus Complex
vain – needs to prove he’s a real man
Female: Electra Complex
strive for superiority over men criticizing and dominating men

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30
Q

Projective Test

A

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

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31
Q

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

32
Q

Repression

A

the ego defense that excludes unacceptable or inappropriate thoughts and feelings from our awareness

33
Q

Regression

A

an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

34
Q

Reaction formation

A

the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulse into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

35
Q

Rationalization

A

offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions

36
Q

Displacement

A

Diverts sexual or aggressive impulses towards an object or person that is psychologically acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings

37
Q

Sublimation

A

people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

38
Q

Denial

A

people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities

39
Q

Projection

A

disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others (the thief thinks everyone else is a thief)

40
Q

Alfred Adler

A

importance of childhood social tension

41
Q

Karen Horney

A

sought to balance freud’s masculine biases, womb envy, sense of helplessness
Neurosis: driving need for something or someone, 10 neurotic needs

42
Q

Carl Jung

A

collective unconscious
underdog theory

43
Q

Hierarchy of Needs (bottom to top)

A

Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-actualization

44
Q

Physiological needs

A

breathing, safety, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis

45
Q

Safety needs

A

security of body, of employment, of resources, of morality, of the family, of health, of property

46
Q

Love/Belonging needs

A

friendship/ family/ sexual intimacy

47
Q

Esteem needs

A

self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

48
Q

Self-actualization

A

morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

49
Q

fully functioning person

A

individual who has a self-concept that is positive and congruent with reality

50
Q

self-concept

A

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves

51
Q

cardinal trait

A

a characteristic or feature so important to a person that they are identified by it (Mother Teresa)

52
Q

Central trait

A

traits that make us predictable in most situations

53
Q

secondary trait

A

least important of the 3 but conveys our preferences to items such as food or music

54
Q

factor analysis

A

Statistical procedure that identifies clusters of correlated test items that tap basic components of intelligence

55
Q

extraversion

A

social, outgoing, active, lively

56
Q

introversion

A

thoughtful, reserved, quiet

57
Q

emotional stability

A

easy-going, relaxed, well-adjusted, even tempered

58
Q

emotional instability

A

moody, anxious, restless

59
Q

five factor theory

A

A perspective suggesting that personality is composed of five core traits, which are stable dispositions that drive behavior

60
Q

Five factors

A

Consciousness
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Openess
Extraversion

61
Q

Personality Inventory

A

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors

62
Q

Empirically Derived Test

A

a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups

63
Q

Criticisms of trait theory

A
  • Poor predictor of future behavior
  • does not address development
  • no means of change
64
Q

Self efficacy

A

belief in oneself in order to achieve a goal.

65
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

One’s personality is influenced by three factors–the environment, cognitions, and behavior–in addition, all three factors can be influenced by each other

66
Q

Self-control

A

Ability to control impulses and delay gratification

67
Q

Locus of Control–internal locus and external, Julian Rotter

A

our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless

68
Q

Internal Locus of Control

A

the perception that one controls one’s own fate

69
Q

External Locus of Control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate

70
Q

Learned Helplessness (Martin Seligman)

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

71
Q

Self

A

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions

72
Q

spotlight effect

A

Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

73
Q

Self-serving bias

A

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

74
Q

Individualism

A

giving priority to one’s own goals to over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

75
Q

Collectivism

A

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

AP Psych (8 decks)

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