Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

lasting change in behavior or mental process as the result of an experience

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

Learning not to respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus

Question 3

Mere Exposure Effect

Answer 3

learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed(simple)

Question 4

Associative learning

Answer 4

learning that certain events occur together(simple)

Question 5

Behavioral Learning

Answer 5

Forms of learning, such as classical and operant conditioning which can be described in terms of stimuli and responses(complex)

Question 6

Classical Conditioning

Answer 6

A form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus (stimuli w/o reflex provoking power) acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another stimulus

Question 7

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 7

Any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning

Question 8

5 main components of conditioning

Answer 8

Neutral Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 9

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 9

A stimulus that automatically-without conditioning or learning- provokes a reflexive response

Question 10

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 10

A response resulting from an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

Question 11

Acquisition

Answer 11

The learning stage during which a conditioned response comes to be elicited by the conditioned stimulus

Question 12

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 12

A CS is the originally neutral stimulus that gains the power to cause the response

Question 13

Conditioned Response

Answer 13

A CR is a response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

Extinction

Answer 14

The diminishing (or lessening) of a learned response, when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

Question 15

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 15

The response after a rest period of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 16

Generalization

Answer 16

inability to distinguish the difference between two like stimuli

Question 17

Discrimination

Answer 17

The ability to distinguish between two similar signals stimulus

Question 18

Operant Conditioning

Answer 18

A form of learning in which the probability of a response is changed by its consequences…that is, by the stimuli that follows the response

Question 19

Law of Effect

Answer 19

Created by Edward Thorndike
rewarded behavior is likely to recur

Question 20

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 20

A stimulus presented after a response that increases the probability of that response happening again

Question 21

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 21

The removal of an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that increases the probability of that response happening again

Question 22

“positive” means to _______; “negative” means to __________

Answer 22

add/apply; subtract/remove

Question 23

Primary reinforcement

Answer 23

something that is naturally reinforcing: food, warmth, water

Question 24

Secondary reinforcement

Answer 24

omething you have learned is a reward because it is paired with a primary reinforcement in the long run: good grades

Question 25

Token Economy theory

Answer 25

A therapeutic method based on operant conditioning that where individuals are rewarded with tokens, which act as a secondary reinforcer. The tokens can be redeemed for a variety of rewards

Question 26

Premack Principle

Answer 26

The idea that a more preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity

Question 27

Positive Punishment

Answer 27

An undesirable event that follows a behavior: getting spanked after telling a lie

Question 28

Negative Punishment

Answer 28

When a desirable event ends or is taken away after a behavior

Question 29

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 29

A reinforcement schedule under which all correct responses are reinforced

Question 30

Shaping

Answer 30

A technique where new behavior is produced by reinforcing responses that are similar to the desired response

Question 31

Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 31

A type of reinforcement schedule by which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced

Question 32

Interval schedule

Answer 32

rewards subjects after a certain time interval

Question 33

Ratio schedule

Answer 33

rewards subjects after a certain number of responses

Question 34

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 34

A schedule that a rewards a learner for the correct response after some defined period of time

Question 35

Variable Interval Schedule

Answer 35

A reinforcement system that rewards a correct response after an unpredictable amount of time

Question 36

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 36

A reinforcement schedule that rewards a response only after a defined number of correct answers

Question 37

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 37

A reinforcement schedule that rewards an unpredictable number of correct responses

Question 38

insight learning

Answer 38

“flashes of insight” when dealing with a problem where we have been experiencing trial and error

Question 39

cognitive learning

Answer 39

changes in mental processes, rather than as changes in behavior alone

Question 40

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 40

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake(nature)

Question 41

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 41

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment(nurture)

Question 42

Latent learning

Answer 42

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until the learner has an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 43

Observational learning

Answer 43

Learning in which new responses are acquired after other’s behavior and the consequences of their behavior are observed

Question 44

Modeling

Answer 44

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 45

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 45

imitating positive behaviors (Role modeling)

Question 46

Antisocial Behavior

Answer 46

imitating negative behaviors (Bobo Doll Experiment)

Question 47

Mirror neurons

Answer 47

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy