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Anatomy & Physiology > Unit 4 Review > Flashcards

Unit 4 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 primary functions of the urinary system?

A

1) maintaining blood volume and blood pressure
2) maintaining blood pH
3) control plasma concentration

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2
Q

Can you follow a drop of fluid on its way from the blood, to filtrate, to tubular fluid, to urine, to toilet?

A

capillaries –> glomerulus to become filtrate –> proximal convoluted tubule to become tubular fluid –> nephron loop/loop of henle –> distal convoluted tubes –> collecting system –> nephron –> renal papilla –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> bladder –> urethra –> toilet

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3
Q

What is the proper term for urination?

A

micturition

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4
Q

What does it mean that the kidneys are retroperitoneal?

A

behind the peritoneal membrane
attached to posterior abdominal wall

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5
Q

Know the key parts of the kidney from a sectional anatomy
standpoint.

A

renal pyramid
a minor calyx
major calyx
renal pevis
ureter

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6
Q

renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus and glomerular capsule
filtration (small things) is the key function

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7
Q

PCT

A

proximal convoluted tubules
reabsorption –> 70% of the water almost 100% of the small good things

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8
Q

nephron loop

A

water reabsorb further, 20% absorbed here

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9
Q

DCT

A

distal convoluted tubules
secretion is key function
drugs & toxins

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10
Q

collecting system

A

determines final concentration and volume of your urine
urine should be pale yellow

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11
Q

There are 2 types of nephrons. Which is more numerous? Which is better at concentrating urine?

A

85% of nephrons are cortical nephrons the better ones are juxtamedullary nephrons

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12
Q

How much filtrate is produced each day? How much fluid enters the collecting system?

A

48-50 gal of filtrate is produced at the glomerulus
less than 27 liters enters the collecting system

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13
Q

What kind of cells create the filtration slits of the renal corpuscle? What are their false feet called? What kind of capillary beds would be found here?

A

podocytes (feet cells)
false feet are called pedicles
fenestrated capillaries would be here (large openings)

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14
Q

What is the biggest weakness of the filtration slit/membrane?

A

filters out small good things, if we didn’t reabsorb we would die

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15
Q

Urea and creatinine are the 2 key metabolic waste products that the kidney must deal with. Where do they come from?

A

urea is from breakdown of amino acids (21-23 g a day)
creatinine comes from creatinine phosphate
uric acid is the 3RD KEY METABOLIC WASTE PRODUCT (500 mg a day) too much can lead to GOUT

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16
Q

What is the renal threshold/transport maximum?

A

transport maximum is how many receptors do we have and how fast are they, determines renal threshold, if glucose is in urine, patients BP has to be at least 180 or higher

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17
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate? What does it tell you?

A

GFR is how much you filter thru kidneys per minute (123 millimeters a minute)
kidneys functioning at 100% should be able to filter 48-50 gal of filtrate

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18
Q

Why is a small drop in blood pressure at the kidneys disastrous?

A

they’re powered by hydrostatic pressure
20% drop in renal BP would kill the kidneys

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19
Q

What percent of the filtrate that is produced a day reabsorbed as a result of obligatory water reabsorption?

A

85%

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20
Q

What role does ADH play in concentrating urine?

A

without it you would have diabetes
you would produce 27 Liters a day without it

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21
Q

What is a diuretic?

A

anything that increases the loss of water
ex alcohol

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22
Q

What anatomical feature of the ureters prevents the
backflow of urine?

A

they have a funnel shape, the openings are slits all designed to keep urine from flowing back

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23
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle are in the urinary bladder? What is this muscular layer called?

A

3 layers
detrusor is the muscular layer

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24
Q

What are the folds in the urinary bladder called?

A

rugae
same as in stomach

25
Q

What are the 3 parts of the male urethra? Which gland causes problems urinating in men?

A

1) prostatic urethra
2) membranous urethra
3) spongy/penile urethra
prostate gland causes problems in urinating

26
Q

The micturition and defecation reflexes are quite similar. Are they positive or negative feedback loop driven? Which sphincter (internal or external) is smooth muscle? What is
the key difference between the 2?

A

they are positive feedback loops
internal sphincter is smooth muscle
to urinate you have to relax, to defecate you have to put pressure

27
Q

What are the male gonads? What do they produce? (both hormones and gametes)?

A

testicales are male gonds
they produce sperm (gamete) and testosterone/androgens (hormones)

28
Q

What are the female gonads? What do they produce? (both hormones and gametes)?

A

ovaries are female gonades
estrogen/progesterone (hormone) and the egg/oocyte (gamete)

29
Q

What are the key differences between Mitosis and Meiosis? How are they alike?

A

mitosis is division of body cells, one round of division
meiosis is division of sex cells, two rounds of division

30
Q

When do the testicles descend in males? What potential anatomical problem does that cause?

A

7th month of development
testicles not descending is cryptorchidism

31
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

tesicles are too warm and are sterile (if both don’t descend)

32
Q

Why are the testicles outside of the body?

A

because testicles need to be colder than the rest of our body

33
Q

What is produced in the seminiferous tubules?

A

immature sperm

34
Q

What cells in the testicles produce testosterone?

A

interstitial cells

35
Q

What is capacitation?

A

process of making a functional sperm

36
Q

Which of the 3 accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate
gland, bulbourethral gland) contribute the largest volume
to semen?

A

70% of semen comes from seminal vesicles

37
Q

What is the difference between emission and ejaculation?

A

emission: secretions into tubes
ejaculation: discharging of semen

38
Q

How many corpus cavernosa are in the penis? Corpus spongiosum?

A

corpus cavernosa: 2
corpus spongiosum: 1

39
Q

Is an erection caused by vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

A

vasodilation

40
Q

Which pituitary hormone leads to the production of testosterone at the testis?

A

luteinizing hormone

41
Q

What does testosterone become when it has been aromatized?

A

conversion of testosterone into female sex hormones

42
Q

What are a couple of the reasons that women have a much larger reproductive investment than men?

A

takes a huge metabolic investment and calories away from mom

43
Q

Which pituitary hormone triggers the start of the ovarian
cycle?

A

follicle stimulating hormone

44
Q

When does an embryo become a fetus?

A

8th week of pregnancy

45
Q

What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

folicular phase: FSH and estrogen
luteal phase: LTH and progesterone

46
Q

What are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle?

A

menstrual phase - getting rid of last months uterus
proliferin phase
secretory phase - grandular secretions

47
Q

How are the 2 connected? Menses and the proliferative phase occur during which phase of the ovarian cycle?

A

menstrual and proliferative phase occur during the first half

48
Q

How can you tell when ovulation occurs?

A

caused by spike in LH
effects temp, dip in body temp but climb in basal temp

49
Q

What role does the Corpus Luteum play?

A

becomes a temp. endocrine organ that churns out progesterone
does placentas job before placenta exists

50
Q

Where does fertilization of an oocyte typically occur?

A

ampula area in uterine tube

51
Q

What is menarche? Menopause?

A

menarche: 1st menstrual cycle
menopause: last menstrual cycle

52
Q

__________ is the primary hormone prior to ovulation

A

piuitary hormone: FSH
sex hormone: estrogen

53
Q

Is basal body temperature higher under the influence of estrogen or progesterone?

A

progesterone

54
Q

What hormone signals that fertilization and implantation
have taken place?

A

HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin

55
Q

what type of epithelium is in the urinary system

A

cuboidal epithelium

56
Q

urinary system and the role in acid/base balance

A

kidneys play a big role in maintaining pH balance
too much acid in blood –> shunt to kidneys

57
Q

hormones in urinary system

A

ADH - antidiuretic, make less urine
aldosterone - decrease urine
EPO - makes more RBCs when drop in BP
renin angiotensin - raises BP
calcitriol - works w/ parathyroid hormone, absorbs as much calcium as possible

58
Q

Know the male reproductive tract, testis to urethra

A

testis –> seminiferous tubule –> epididymis –> ductus deferens –> scrotum –> ejaculatory duct–> urethra

59
Q

Know the female reproductive tracts, ovaries to urethra

A

ovary –> uterine tube –> uterus –> birth canal –> vagina

Anatomy & Physiology (7 decks)

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