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anatomy & physiology > Chapter 26: Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 26: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

site of blood filtration and urine production

A

kidneys

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2
Q

_______ carries urine from kidneys to bladder

A

ureters

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3
Q

what organ stores urine and squeezes it out during micturition (urination)

A

bladder

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4
Q

urethra

A

transports urine during urination

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5
Q

what is urine

A

filtered blood

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6
Q

3 key functions of the urinary system

A

excretion of waste production (urea, creatine, uric acid)
elimination as urine
homeostatic regulation of blood

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7
Q

why don’t we “pee dust”?

A

obligatory water loss, why we still pee when dehydrated

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8
Q

other functions of urinary system?

A

maintains pH
BP regulation
RBC prod.
Vitamin D. prod.

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9
Q

nephron is…

A

the functional unit of the kidneys

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10
Q

glomerulus + glomerulus capsule makes…

A

renal corpuscle

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11
Q

glomerulus (renal corpuscle)

A

filters 50 gal of filtrate a day into the glomerulus capsule

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12
Q

nephron also…

A

reabsorbs good that was filtered out (only SMALL things)
secrets waste products

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13
Q

proximal convoluted tubules

A

part of nephron
reabsorb 70% of water from filtrate
reabsorbs almost 100% of glucose, vitamins, etc

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14
Q

nephron loop

A

further absorbs water
helps create concentrated urine (juxtamedullary nephron)

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15
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

part of nephron
secretes waste products

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16
Q

collecting duct

A

part of nephron
determines final concentration of urine (under control of ADH)

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17
Q

site of urine production

A

nephron

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18
Q

what are cortical nephrons?

A

most numerous (85%)
SHORT nephron loops
responsible for most reabsorption and secretion

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19
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

15%
more important
responsible for urine concentration

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20
Q

how much blood do kidneys receive a minute

A

1200 mL

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21
Q

how many gallons of filtrate do kidneys produce a day?

A

50 gal

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22
Q

flow of urine out of kidneys

A

renal papilla –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter

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23
Q

urters

A

smooth muscle contractions carry urine to bladder

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24
Q

what has slit-like openings that function like valves>

A

urters

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25
Q

3 layers of smooth muscle and rugae

A

bladder

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26
Q

trigone

A

funnel made by 2 ureteral openings and urethra

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27
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

involuntary smooth muscle

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28
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

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29
Q

micturition

A

urination

30
Q

when does the urge to urinate begin?

A

when bladder has 150 mL of urine

31
Q

how does voluntarily holding in urine work?

A

internal sphincter pops open and the skeletal muscle of external sphincter is the ONLY thing keeping you from peeing

32
Q

proximal urethra

A

lined with transitional epithelium (to stretch)

33
Q

distal urethra

A

lined w/ nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (for protection)

34
Q

male urethra

A

1) prostatic urethra (passes thru prostate gland)
2) membrane urethra (passes thru urogenital diaphragm)
3)penile/spongy urethra (travels in corpus spongiosum of the penis)

35
Q

how long is the male urethra

A

8 inches

36
Q

female urethra short length and proximity to anus makes…

A

UTI’s more common in women

37
Q

afferent arterioles

A

feed 1.25 million nephrons per kidneys

38
Q

where does fluid become filtrate?

A

in glomerulus where fluid is filtered into it’s capsule where it becomes filtrate

39
Q

what’s an effective way to remove small waste products from our blood?

A

filtration

40
Q

cons of filtration

A

can’t remove large products
removes small things that we need (glucose, amino acid, acids, vitamins)

41
Q

what is the filtration membrane made of?

A

fenestrated membrane
thick basement membrane
special cells (podocytes) w/ feet (pericytes)

42
Q

renal threshold

A

excess waste products lost in urine that couldn’t be reabsorbed
GLUCOSE in urine (180-200mg)

43
Q

loop of henle

A

nephron loop

44
Q

ascending nephron loop

A

reabsorbs sodium

45
Q

descending nephron loop

A

permanent aquaporin channels
reabsorption of water

46
Q

urine travels from

A

1) nephron
2) collecting duct
3) renal papilla
4) minor calyx
5) major calyx
6) ureter
7) bladder
8) bladder
9) urethra
10) toilet

47
Q

normal color of urine

A

pale yellow - deep amber

48
Q

crystal clear urine

A

excessive water intake, diabetes

49
Q

pink/red color in urine

A

blood

50
Q

brown color in urine

A

liver problems

51
Q

urine odor

A

should be odorless
old urine smells

52
Q

pH of urine

A

changes in urine protects you from deadly pH changes in blood

53
Q

blood pH may go up when….

A

exercising

54
Q

specific gravity of urine

A

should be higher than 1

55
Q

WBC in urine

A

UTIs

56
Q

protein in urine

A

high protein diet or intense exercise
leads to protein in blood

57
Q

ketones in urine

A

starvation
keto diet
uncontrolled diabetes

58
Q

nitrides in urine

A

shouldn’t be in urine
if there, bacterial infection

59
Q

glucose in urine

A

shouldn’t be there
if in urine –> blood glucose levels have reaches 180mg/dL or higher

60
Q

glomerulur filtration rate (GFR)

A

110 mL/min leads to 50 gal of filtrate per day

61
Q

net filtration pressure

A

remains positive in order for kidneys to produce filtrate

62
Q

drop of _______ in renal BP (10 mmhg) will shut your kidneys off

A

20%

63
Q

stages of kidney diseases based on GFR

A

stage 1: GFR 90+
stage 2: GFR 60-89
stage 3A: GFR 45-59
stage 3B: GFR 30-44
stage 4: GFR 15-29
stage 5: GFR under 15 –> kidney failure

64
Q

what’s the best way to estimate GFR?

A

blood creatinine levels

65
Q

renin angiotensin aldosterone system

A

raises BP
great target for BP lowering therapies

66
Q

kidneys are ________ to drops in BP

A

sensitive

67
Q

20% drop in renal BP =

A

GFR is o, kidneys are dead

68
Q

renin leads to..

A

production of angiotensin 1

69
Q

angiotensin 1 goes to _______ where its converted into ___________ by ACE

A

lungs, angiotensin 2

70
Q

angiotensin 2

A

vasoconstriction
stimulate kidneys to reabsorb H2O and sodium
stimulates release of aldosterone
increases ADH

71
Q

end result of renin angiotensin aldosterone system

A

BP raised along with blood volume

72
Q

BP lowering meds are

A

ACW inhibitors, diuretics, or both

anatomy & physiology (7 decks)

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