Unit 3 Review Flashcards
Where does the upper respiratory system end and the lower respiratory system begin?
larynx and below is lower respiratory, anything above it is upper
The goal of your respiratory system is to transport and
prepare air for the gas exchange surface of the lungs, aka
__________
alveoli
What are the parts of the respiratory defense system?
What do they do?
mucus: traps pathogens
immune cells: engulfs pathogens and alerts immune system
ciliary escalator: takes unwanted material from mucus and takes it out of your lungs and expels it
The function of the nasal conchae is to create
_______________ in the nasal cavity
turbulence
As the air swirls around in the nasal cavity, what 3 things
are happening to it?
being filtered, warmed, and humidified
nasal conchae creates swirling of air
Which laryngeal cartilage is larger in men than women
(hint: Adams apple)
thyroid cartilage
What is the function of the epiglottis?
covers trachea or glottis when you swallow
What is the opening of the trachea called?
glottis
What holds the trachea open at all times?
15-20 C shaped cartilage rings
How many bronchi are there (primary, secondary,
tertiary)? How many bronchopulmonary segments are in
each lung?
primary: 2 one for each lung
secondary: 5 1 for each lobe
tertiary: 19 for bronchopulmonary segments
10 in right lung, 9 in left lung
Why is the right primary bronchus larger than the left?
because right lung is bigger
Why does the left lung only have 2 lobes?
because of the heart, it’s in the way
Sympathetic activation causes __________________
which opens the airways
bronchodilation
What is the function of surfactant? What kind of cells produce it?
surfactant reduces surface tension
type 2 alveolar cells produce it
What is tidal volume? What is the average amount of air
moved during the tidal volume?
tidal volume is the amount of air we move in a normal breathe (500 mL)
What is the most important respiratory muscle?
diaphragm - 75% of quiet breathing is caused by this contracting
Define anabolism
something that leads to growth and requires energy
build up of something
catabolism
break down of something that releases energy (food)
ingestion
putting something in your mouth and eating it
starting process
mechanical processing
chewing, churning in stomach,
digestion
chemically breaking down food
secretion
secrete 6-7 fluids a day
buffers, mucus
absorption
once we’ve digested food, we can now absorb it
excretion
what we cant digest and absorb
What makes an organ an accessory digestive organ?
digestive system is just your GI tract
everything else is an accessory organ
salivary glands, gallbladder, pancreas, liver
visceral peritoneum
layer on organ
parietal pertioneum
lining on the cavity
What does the word retroperitoneal mean? How are these organs (or organ parts) protected?
retroperitoneal means behind peritoneal cavity
they’re protected by being attached to the posterior abdominal wall
examples: duodenum, pancreas, rectum, ascending and descending colon
What is a mesentery? What is its function?
mesentery is a double layer of a peritoneal membrane
it holds the organs in place so they stay in place
What is the difference between peristalsis and
segmentation?
peristalsis is movement from one area to another
segmentation is a churning process that takes place in one area to help mech. break down food
What is your enteric nervous system?
subconscious part of nervous system that oversees digestion
Remember the type of epithelia that covers each part of the GI tract from the Tissue chapter. What parts are stratified squamous? Simple columnar? What areas are keratinized? What areas have microvilli?
beginning and end of GI tract are stratified squamous epithelium (mouth, anus, esophagus)
middle of GI tract is simple columnar (stomach, small intestine, large intestine)
keratinized tissue would be the roof of your mouth
microvilli are located in simple columnar cells of the stomach, large intestine
How many pairs of salivary glands do you have? Why are they so important? Which glands produce the majority of your saliva?
3 pairs of salivary glands
they’re important bc they produce salivary amylase, lingual lipase, and water to swallow food
70% of saliva comes from submandibular glands
What is the primary function of Lysozyme in saliva?
control oral bacteria
What is the technical term for chewing?
mastication
How many primary dentition (baby teeth) do we have? Permanent dentition (adult teeth)?
20 dentition teeth
32 permanent teeth
What are the 2 primary muscles of mastication?
temporalis muscles and masseter
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
nasal pharynx (top)
oropharynx (middle)
laryngeal pharynx (bottom)
What is the technical term for swallowing?
deglutition
There are 3 directions food and drink could possible go.
Which 2 are closed off during swallowing? How?
food can go out of your nose, through the glottis in trachea (down wrong pipe), into esophagus (correct place)
when you swallow, internal nostrils and glottis are covered
What is unique about the smooth muscle of the stomach?
the stomach has a third layer of smooth muscle
How can the stomach be full of a powerful acid and a
protein digesting enzyme without being destroyed?
a layer of mucus full of bicarbonate that protects the stomach from gastric juice
What are the 4 parts of the stomach?
cardia
fundus (highest portion)
body (biggest)
pylorus (attaches to duodenum)
Know what the parietal cells and chief cell secrete
parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
chief cells secrete pepsinogen
When does digestion truly begin? (called the cephalic
phase)
when we think about food
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? What is the
key feature about each part?
duodenum - mixing, where chyme is mixed with bicarbonate
jejunum - where most digestion & absorption takes place,
ileum - longest portion, has peyer’s patches (immune component)
what are the endocrine functions of the pancreas? What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
ENDOCRINE glands dump secretions into bloodstream, only 1%, insulin
EXOCRINE glands dump secretions through ducts
What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
left lobe
right lobe
caudate lobe
quadrate lobe
le
hepatocyte
What are the functional units of the liver called?
liver lobule
We cannot cover every one of the hundreds of things that the liver does, but what are the 3 categories of functions
that it does perform?
bile production
metabolic regulation
hematological regulation (cleans up old RBCs)
What is the function of bile? Where is it made? Where is it stored?
function is to emulsify fats (doesn’t digest fat)
made in liver
stored in gallbladder
What are the 2 primary functions of the large intestine?
reabsorption of water
temp storage of feces
What are the pouches of the colon called?
haustra
What is the key vitamin produced by the bacteria in the large intestine?
vitamin K
Understand the defecation reflex
normally passing a stool
when inhaling, you have to __________ the volume/size of the thoracic cavity to _____________ the pressure
increase, decrease
when exhaling, you have to ___________ the volume/size of the thoracic cavity to ______________ the pressure
decrease, increase
you inhale when the pressure in your lungs is ___________ than atmospheric pressure
lower
you exhale when the pressure in your lungs is _____________ than atmospheric pressure
higher
What 2 muscles are involved in quiet inspiration? Are there any muscles involved in quiet exhalation?
quiet inspiration: diaphragm and external intercostals
quiet exhalation: no, no muscles used
How do you calculate respiratory minute volume?
tidal volume x respiratory rate
Is costal/chest breathing better or worse than
diaphragmatic/belly breathing? Why?
costal/chest breathing is worse for you because you exhaust your neck
What is inspiratory reserve volume? Expiratory reserve
volume?
IRV: how much more you can inhale than normal
ERV: how much more you can exhale than normal
Why is the vital capacity of your lungs not the same as
your total lung capacity?
because we can’t control all the air in our lungs
Understand how diffusion of gases occurs at both the
alveoli of the lungs and at a peripheral capillary bed. Can you follow a molecule of oxygen from the air you breathe until it reaches a cell? Can you follow a molecule of CO2
from the cell it was produced until you breathe it out?
diffusion: CO2 diffuses OUT of lungs. Oxygen diffuses IN your lungs from pulmonary circuit. –> Oxygen diffuses IN and hopped on hemoglobin AND OUT when it’s needed in blood. CO2 diffuses into blood in peripheral tissues & diffuses out at the lungs
How is most of the O2 in your bloodstream carried to and fro? How about CO2?
almost all of your O2 is carried on hemoglobin
70% of CO2 is carried as carbonic acid (CO2 becomes a weak acid).
Which of the above 2 gases has to be the most tightly
controlled?
CO2
What part of the brain controls breathing? How about rate of respiration?
medulla oblongata controls breathing
pons controls rate of respiration
What effect does hyperventilation have on your blood gases? How about hypoventilation?
hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis –> blood ph is too high
hypoventilation is the most common cause of respiratory acidosis –> blood ph is too low
What is a pneumothorax? Atelectasis?
pneumothorax is the damage that separates the visceral and parietal pleura
atelectasis is a collapsed lung
