Unit 4 Review Flashcards
John A Macdonald
- Canadas first PM
1867 - John A. Macdonald, a conservative, became canada’s first PM when the Dominion of canada was created
- primary goal- expand Canada by adding land and new provinces
How did Manitoba become a province
Manitoba became Canada’s 5th Province after the events of the Red River Rebellion
Events of the Red River Rebellion
- 1867 - John A. Macdonald, a conservative, became canada’s first PM when the Dominion of canada was created
- Macdonald’s primary goal was to expand Canada by adding land and new provinces
- Due to the purchase of Alaska - BC was in between the US territory and was in jeopardy of being claimed by the USA.
Canada then purchased Rupertsland from the Hudson’s Bay Co. on December 1st, 1869 at a cost of 16 million. It became our first territory - the Northwest Territory.
The first capital city was Battleford.
The Red River Settlement
As more settlers came to Canada, the settlement boundaries were pushed further and further west. Now that the Northwest Territory was now part of Canada, settlers were encouraged to move there
The Canadian Govt sent surveyors to the Red River area (Winnipeg) to prepare the land for new settlers. The Metis of the area were afraid of losing their land and their lifestyle.
The Metis people of the Red River area asked Louis Riel, an educated Metis, to represent them. He formed the National Committee of the Metis
In December, 1869 Riel and the Metis stopped the surveyors from entering the area.
The Metis then stopped the new governor of the colony, William McDougall from entering the settlement.
The Metis then took over Fort Garry, the main Hudson Bay fort and established a provisional government.
The Metis Bill of Rights was erected and a copy was sent to Ottawa.The Canadian Party- an English protestant political party based in Ontario that resisted the Metis demands.
Thomas scott, a member of the Canadian Party was arrested in Red River by the Metis for leading an resistance against Riel’s provisional govt.
Scott was considered a “troublemaker” by the Metis and executed in 1870.
Scott’s execution sent shock waves across Canada and divided East Canada.
Ontario- considered Scott a hero and wart Metis punished - Quebec - felt the Metis were heros fur resisting.
Macdonald had no way to get troops quickly to Red River because the railway didn’t extend far, so he negotiated with the Metis, creating the Manitoba Act of 1870.
Manitoba became Canada’s 5th Province
All Metis demands were met
The Canadian Party
an English protestant political party based in Ontario that resisted the Metis demands.
who is Thomas Scott
Thomas scott, a member of the Canadian Party was arrested in Red River by the Metis for leading an resistance against Riel’s provisional govt.
Scott was considered a “troublemaker” by the Metis and executed in 1870.
what were the results of Scotts execution
Scott’s execution sent shock waves across Canada and divided East Canada.
- Ontario- considered Scott a hero and wart Metis punished
- Quebec - felt the Metis were heros fur resisting
why did Macdonald negotiate with the Metis? What happened after?
Macdonald had no way to get troops quickly to Red River because the railway didn’t extend far, so he negotiated with the Metis, creating the Manitoba Act of 1870.
Manitoba became Canada’s 5th Province
All Metis demands were met
Metis concerns
Metis Bill of Rights (what were their demands) (5)
- The right to enter war confederation as a province
- The right to send reps to ottawa - MP’s
- The right to have control over local affairs
- English and French to be considered official languages
- The right for the Metis to keep their customs and way of life
Riels Provisional government
When the Metis took over fort Garry they established a provisional govt
the metis bill of rights was erected and sent to ottawa
The Red River settlement (7)
British Columbia - The story and main reason they joined confederation (6)
*B.C. was considering joining the United States for several reasons
→ Closer to USA than canada
Mainland Us to south and Alaska to the North
→ Transportation, communication and trade links already existed a the USA
British Columbia decided they would join Canada if they were given a responsible government and a wagon road across the prairies and through the mountains to link it to the rest of Canada.
- MacDonald does one better - he promised British Columbia an intercontinental railway that would link BC with the rest of Canada if they joined. Canada. (would be started within 2 years, built within 10)
- On July 20, 1871 BC became Canada’s sixth province
Prince Edward Island - Main reasons they joined confederation
(6)
*PEl was financially in debt because they had attempted to build their own railway
* Macdonald offered PEl the following:
- a grant (money) to buy out the absentee land lords
- Ottawa would take over, complete and maintain PEl’s railway system
- He guaranteed a telegraph (communication) and ferry system (transportation) between the island and mainland Canada.
On July 1, 1873, PEl became Canada’s 7th Province
Alexander Mackenzie - The second Prime Minister. What scandal put Mackenzie into office
(3)
- Macdonald won the 1872 election, but the opposition Liberals accused Macdonald of accepting a payoff from the railway company.
*It became known as the Pacific Scandal and Macdonald resigned
- The Liberals led by Alexander Mackenzie formed the next government
Mackenzie’s election reforms (3)
- secret ballots
- all voting across canada must take place on the same day
- records must be kept of campaign donations
The National Policy
Macdonald’s attempt to improve the economy of Canada had three parts
a. Settle Western Canada
b. Build a Railway
c. Improve industry through protective tariffs
The National Policy: Settle Western Canada (4)
- The Canadian West had to be expanded and settled.
- Canada needed immigration of new people, but the First Nations people had to be “controlled” and settled so they would not cause the new settlers any problems.
- Canada had to develop new products to export. Also more farmers were needed and new strains of wheat had to be developed that could withstand the prairie weather.
- By settling the West, it would prevent the American expansion into it.
The National Policy: Build a Railway (2)
- A railway had to be built from coast to coast
- This would link the expanded Canada and allow for trade and transportation.
The National Policy: Improve industry through protective tariffs (3)
- Canadian industry had to be expanded and protected.
Macdonald created protective tariffs - foreign products coming into Canada would be taxed.
- This would encourage Canadians to buy Canadian products. The West and Atlantic regions would supply the resources to make this happen.
- Americans were encouraged to start “Branch Plants” in Canada. These were run in Canada using Canadian resources labour, but adding American “know-how” and expertise.
North West Rebellion
Three main groups with concerns
- The Metis
- The Indigenous people
- White settlers
NW Rebellion: Metis concerns
they wanted the same guarantees they had received in Manitoba 15 years earlier
NW Rebellion: Indigenous peoples concerns
they were starving. The Buffalo were disappearing and the government was not helping the Indian people survive.
NW Rebellion: Settlers concerns
The white settlers that currently lived in the North west wanted representation from the federal govt, like Manitoba did. They also wanted lower tariffs and shipping rates for their grain products.
What were Riel’s actions during the NW rebellion?
How did the government react to Riel?
Main events that occurred during the NW rebellion (9)
- Riel sent an ultimatum to NWMP Superintendent Crozier demanding that he surrender Fort Carleton.
- Crozier refused and Gabriel Dumont, the Metis military wader attacked
- Macdonald sent troops by RAIL to put down the rebellion. During the Red River Rebellion it took 3 months for soldiers to arrive, but in 1885 it only took 10 days for the soldiers to make the trek back from ontario.
- There were battles at Fish Creek, Cutknife, and finally at Batoche where the Metis surrendered
- Gabriel Dumont fled to the United States
*Riel surrendered and was charged with High Treason
- The charge of High Treason was an obscure British law that was rarely used but it carried the death sentence.
*Riel was tried in Regina and found guilty, but the jury recommended mercy
- Quebec wanted him pardoned, while Ontario wanted him executed. Macdonald delayed his decision, but eventually ordered the execution.
Outcomes of the NW rebellion? (5)
- The Railway has proven its worth and renewed funding Led to its completion.
- Many FN people were arrested and many executed
Ctizens of the Northwest Territory did not get what they wanted - Alberta and Saskatchewan don’t become Provinces til 1905
- The Red River Rebellion was a win for Riel
- The North West Rebellion was a loss
The Citizens of North West Territory DID NOT get:
- Province
- Representative/Representation
- Land rights
Canadian Government treatment of Indiginous people: Treaty Rights and Benefits (7)
By agreeing to the treaties and in return for gung up their land, the Indigenous people would receive:
1. Reserve lands to live on: Usually, just 600 square meters were provided to each family of 5
2. Cash (the amount varied in each treaty) |
3. An allowance for blankets and hunting/fishing tools
4. Farming Assistance
5. A census to Keep track of how many people there were in each band, mainly for financial compensation purposes
6. The right to hunt and fish on all ceded land not used for settlement, lumbering or mining
7. The right for the govt to build public buildings, roads and other important buildings.
In return, the FN people had to promise to keep the peace, maintain law and order, and keep liquor off reserves
Residential schools: purpose
Purpose of the Residential schools was to assimilate FN children into White Canadian society
Residential schools: problems
Residential schools: effects
Manitoba School Question
1890 - The Manitoba provincial govt passed the manitoba Schools Act that set up a single school system, no church or religious schools and instruction was to be in English only
Roman Catholics would have to fund their own separate Schools
Lauriers solution (Manitoba school Question) (3)
- No public financial support for separate schools
- The right to religious education was allowed if enough students
- Instruction in French was allowed if enough students
Imperialists
Most English speaking Canadians were proud to be part of the British commonwealth
Nationalists
Most French Canadians were not loyal to the British and felt more pride in their own French Canadian culture and language.
Boer War: when and who
1899-1902 South Africa
British Settlers us. The Boers (early Dutch colonist)
The Boer war
The British settlers were moving into areas that held gold and diamonds. As tensions increased the Boers declared war on Britain.
Britain asked Canada to send soldiers to prove that Canada and Britain would stand together in times of trouble.
Lauriers decision (Boer war) (2)
- Canada would not send an official army, but canada would equip and transport 1,000 volunteers
- By wars end Canada sent 1300 volunteers at a cost of $2.8 million
why did Laurier’s plan for the Boer war disappoint both sides
The Imperialists felt Canada did not do enough
The Nationalists felt canada did too much
Naval Crisis (2)
1909 - An ongoing Naval Arms race between Britain and Germany had created the possibility of war a very real possibility
Britain wanted Canada and its other colonies to contribute money to build more ships.
what was the question in the Naval Crisis
Should Canada support Britain or build its own Navy?
Naval Service Bill (Lauriers Decision) (2)
Canada would create its own navy, but in an emergency the canadian navy could be placed under the control of Britain
Five cruisers and Six destroyers would be built immediately and Naval bases would be built in B.C. and Nova Scotia
why did both sides disagree
The Nationalists disagreed, they thought Canada’s Navy could be sent anywhere at any time to fight for Britain
The Imperialists also disagreed, they thought Canada’s “tin pot” navy would not fulfill Britals needs.
Lauriers final statement on the issue was…
When Britain is at war, Canada is at war, but Canada would decide how much it would participate in Future wars.
Alaska Boundary Dispute (3)
The USA purchase of Alaska also included a strip of coastline extending south from Alaska to Prince of Wales island.
The wording of the treaty was unclear and neither Canada nor the USA knew who owned the land and neither country cared until gold was discovered in the Yukon
There was money to be made (customs and taxes) from the prospectors as they flooded into the Yukon
Panel of judges in the dispute
The dispute was put before a panel of 6 judges: 3 American, 2 Canadian and 1 British.
result of the dispute
The ruling ended 4-2 against Canada. The British judge sided with the US, because Britain feared a war with Germany and wanted to gain the US as an ally.
Canadians all across Canada were outraged and resented the USA and Britain. It became clearer that Canada must. make its own decisions in the future and not rely on Britain for assistance.
