Unit 2 Exam Review

Question 1

European Exploration:
Why did it occur?

Answer 1

Trying to get to Asia
A new way to Asia

Question 2

Northwest Passage exploration

Answer 2

Henry Hudson led his fourth voyage into the Arctic where he discovered a large Bay that was named Hudson’s Bay. The ships became trapped by the ice and the explorers were forced to spend the winter. In the spring, Hudson gave the order to continue exploring, but his crew mutinied and left Hudson, his son and a few loyal crew members behind in a small boat. Henry Hudson was never seen again

Question 3

Henry Hudson

Answer 3

an English explorer led his fourth voyage into the Arctic where he discovered a large Bay that was named Hudson’s Bay

Question 4

Acculturation:

Answer 4

the process of two or more cultures interacting with each other is called acculturation. There are FOUR possible ways for cultures to interact.

Question 5

4 types of Acculturation

Answer 5

1. Annihilation
2. Segregation
3. Assimilation
4. Accommodation

Question 6

Annihilation

Answer 6

one culture feels superior to another culture. The stronger, “more superior” culture feels it has the right or obligation to destroy the weaker culture. ex:
- Nazi/Jewish people; 6 million Jewish people were killed during the Holocaust in World War II
- Kosovo- ethnic cleansing of KosovoAlbanians by the Serbians in 1999. Over 10,000 Kosovo Albanians were killed and 1.5 million expelled from their homes
- Avatar

Question 7

Segregation

Answer 7

the “stronger” culture wants to protect itself from contamination and change by another culture. The weaker culture is separated or isolated in some way so that contact and contamination cannot occur

• South Africa: Apartheid. Beginning in 1948 “race laws” did not allow interracial marriages, jobs were for white only etc
• Southern USA: in the 1950s schools, bathrooms, water fountains etc were designated for “whites/blacks”
• District 9
• Reserve system- native ppl

Question 8

Assimilation

Answer 8

when a “weaker” or inferior culture comes into contact with a “superior” culture. People from the inferior culture are taught to understand and practice the norms of the superior culture. The weaker culture changes over time and becomes part of the stronger culture and no longer exists.

• Aboriginal people of Canada:
  Missionaries converting them to European religion, farming, clothing etc
• Residential schools. First Nation youth were taken from their homes and they were taught and lived in “white” schools. They were forbidden to speak their language, customs etc
• USA: melting pot

Question 9

Accommodation

Answer 9

two cultures come into contact with one another. A relationship evolves which permits each culture to retain it’s own beliefs and values, but they interact with the other culture. In other words, the two cultures learn from each other and share with each other on an equal basis.

• Ex: Canada is a mosaic of cultures

Question 10

The Rise of New France
What area did they call their own?

Answer 10

The French claimed the area around the St. Lawrence River. It became a fur trading artery and a “highway” into the continent

Question 11

Recollect Friars

Answer 11

Champlain invited the Recollect Friars to come to New France and begin missionary work. He believed that
“civilizing” the First Nations people was needed to promote trade.

The Friars wanted the First Nations people to “first become human” meaning become European. They forced them to…

• relocate to farms
• wear European clothes
• speak the French language

Question 12

Jesuit Missionaries

Answer 12

Second missionaries in New France. The Jesuits lived in the villages with the First Nations people, learned their language, customs and way of life. They converted one soul at a time and were much more successful than the Friars.

Question 13

Seigneurial system

Answer 13

Land was arranged in long strips, called seigneuries, along the banks of the St. Lawrence

Question 14

The British arrival in North America - where did they go and why?

Answer 14

The British sent a fur trading expedition into Hudson’s Bay and found success.
They were trying to find the Northwest passage
Henry Hudson
Rupertsland was the area “awarded” to the Hudson’s Bay Company as their exclusive trading area. At its largest, Rupertsland reached over the Rockies, all the way to the Pacific and North to the Arctic.

Question 15

Difference in trading methods between the French and British

Answer 15

The Hudson’s Bay Company (British) built many trading posts along the shores of Hudson Bay and waited for First Nations people to come to them to trade.

The French sent traders out to find, make contact and trade with the First Nations people in their own villages.

Question 16

The Fall of New France
French and Indian War

Answer 16

also known as the Seven Years War
1756-1763
- the final conflict between Britain and France for the control of North America, and it was fought across the globe
- 1763: The Treaty of Paris- On February 10, 1763 France signed away it’s North American empire, after the loss to Britain in the Seven Years War
- France gave up the following:
• The St. Lawrence heartland (Quebec today)
• Acadia (including Cape Breton and PEl)
• The Ohio Valley and Great Lakes
• French Louisiana
- France did not give up it’s entire North American empire: It kept the island of St. Pierre and Miquelon

Question 17

Acadians

Answer 17

France and Britain had an ongoing battle for more than 150 years
- attacks began in 1613; the British attacked Acadia in an attempt to drive the Acadians out

In the 1750s, 7000 Acadians were deported- sent to Southern USA, Europe, Barbados etc. Almost the entire Acadian population got deported. This happened because Acadians wouldn’t sign an oath of allegiance with Britain and Britain thought they were a threat.

Question 18

Ohio Valley and its importance

Answer 18

• France wanted the Ohio Valley for fur trade- they thought it was theirs
• England wanted to farm

Question 19

Royal Proclamation - goal

Answer 19

The Royal Proclamation was the first attempt by the British to rule all of North America

The province of Quebec was created

The province of Nova Scotia was expanded

The Ohio Valley was off limits to settlers and designated as “Indian Territory”

GOAL of the Royal Proclamation- Assimilate the French
- Britain wanted to “anglicize” the French by swamping the area with English speaking settlers from the 13 colonies
- Government under the Royal Proclamation Consisted of an appointed British Governor and appointed council of English men
- No French or women allowed in the Government and no elections
- The size of Quebec was made smaller

Question 20

The Royal Proclamation: Fail or Success

Answer 20

The Royal Proclamation was an Epic Fail the English discovered…

1. The British and American settlers did NOT want to go to Quebec to settle because:
   a. It was too cold
   b. it was a foreign land
   c. to many French people
2. The “Americans” in the 13 colonies were moving further away from British ideas.
   - In case of a war in North America, Britain wanted to make sure that she had the loyalty of the settlers in Quebec (the French). So, England passed the Quebec Act, which was designed to accommodate the French, keep them happy and keep them loyal.

Question 21

Quebec Act

Answer 21

GOAL of the Quebec Act- Accommodation: make the French settlers happy

Why change the treatment of the French? The British government was having problems with the 13 colonies and wanted to secure the loyalty of the French living in Quebec. Basically the British feared a revolution to the south so they treated the French better

Consisted of an appointed British governor and an appointed council. The change was that now French men could serve the appointed council, but still no elections

The size of Quebec was made larger

Question 22

Constitutional Act

Answer 22

The third attempt at ruling “Canada” in just 30 years

The Constitutional Act was passed after the American Revolution and it creates a representative government in Canada

The British parliament did not want to lose another colony like the USA. So the Constitutional Act was supposed to address some of the concerns of the “Canadian” colonists and make them happy.

For the first time in Canada, the people had an elected government= “Democracy”

Two ‘areas’ were created
Upper Canada- filled with mostly English settlers

Lower Canada- filled with mostly French settlers
Upper and Lower Canada were given a new government and a new structure

Question 23

diagram

Question 24

The Councils (4 points)

Answer 24

1. Council members were a privileged group that controlled colonial commercial and political life. They were an oligarchy (ruled by few)
2. They created policies that protected their way of life
3. They were appointed for life
4. They had the power to override the decisions of the elected assembly

Question 25

The Legislative Assembly (elected group)

Answer 25

1. Their major role was to create laws for the colony. These laws had to be approved by
2. Women and First Nations were not permitted to vote or be part of the elected assembly
3. Only males who owned or rented a certain amount of property could run for office
4. The elected assembly members were not paid. So only wealthy men could afford to be part of the assembly
5. There were open ballots. Often, bribing of voters and officials occurred The government of 1791 was Representative (it did have an elected assembly.

Question 26

Constitutional Act: Success or Failure

Answer 26

But…. the government was not Democratic
- not everyone was eligible to vote
- women, First Nations and men who owned little property could not vote

Or…. Responsible
- the government did not do as the majority of people asked. The elected assembly did not have the final say in decision making

Question 27

Rupertsland- goes with british arrival in north america

Answer 27

Rupertsland was the area “awarded” to the Hudson’s Bay Company as their exclusive trading area. At its largest, Rupertsland reached over the Rockies, all the way to the Pacific and North to the Arctic.

Question 28

Canada and the American Revolution

Answer 28

The British realized that they needed a standing British army of Redcoats in North America to help keep the peace. Because of the high costs involved Britain decided the colonies should pay for a portion of the defense. TAXES!
“No taxation without Representation!” became a rallying cry of the “Americans”

• Quartering Act
• Townsend Act
• The BOSTON TEA PARTY

The American Revolution began in 1775.
• The Americans recruited an army under the leadership of George Washington
• British soldiers, British Loyalists (those loyal to Britain) and their First Nations allies fought against the revolutionists.

Quebec was encouraged to join the revolutionists, as the 14TH COLONY
• Quebec said no because the people of Quebec were not unhappy with the British, they were just indifferent
• The Quebec Act guaranteed the rights of the French-Canadian Catholics. The 13 colonies gave no guarantees.

France began to aid the American militia. Why?
• Get a little revenge against the British
• Perhaps regain some land in North America

When this war ended, many people that had been loyal to Britain fled the new “America.” A great many of the loyalists came to Quebec and Nova Scotia, causing great changes to occur.
Britain now had three distinct groups of people to deal with in Quebec
• the First Nations
• the French
• the English-speaking British Loyalists.

Question 29

Quartering Act (not that important)

Answer 29

British troops could be housed in private homes at homeowners expense.

Question 30

Townsend Act (not that important)

Answer 30

Duties on imported glass, paints, paper and tea. These would not be unloaded from the ships until this tax was paid.

Question 31

The Boston Tea Party (important - starred)

Answer 31

occurred in reaction to a new tax on tea. Settlers dressed as Mohawk Indians, stormed the Boston harbour and threw all the tea (342 chests) from the ships into the harbour. Witnesses stated the water was brown for days.

Question 32

War of 1812
Cause of the war

Answer 32

Britain had blockaded France and as a result the US was unable to trade with France

The British had seized over 400 American ships for violating or attempting to violate the blockade

The British would stop and board American vessels in search of British citizens who would then be forced into the British military.

The Americans suspected the British were aiding and encouraging Native attacks along the frontier

The Americans thought Canada would be easy to capture since Britain was busy fighting in Europe.

Question 33

War of 1812. Events of the War

Answer 33

The larger and experienced Britain looked to gain an easy victory in the war, but most of the British Navy was involved in the war with France in Europe. Also Canada was poorly defended and there were 7.5 million people in the US compared to only 80,000 people in Canada

June 18, 1812 the USA declares war against Britain and made plans to invade Canada

In November Americans were able to capture York (Toronto) the capital of Upper Canada. The Americans pillaged and burned much of the settlement

In June 1813, the Americans had been pushed out of York and eventually in 1814 the British had taken control of Washington DC. In retaliation for York the British forces burned much of the American capital including the White House (it was quickly rebuilt and whitewashed to cover the burn marks and that’s the reason it’s white today)

While the British were successful along the coast eventually they suffered a crushing defeat inland
A peace treaty was signed on Dec. 24, 1814 to end the war

Question 34

War of 1812. Win, lose or tie?

Answer 34

The Americans won (sort of)- they lost on the battlefield, but at the peace negotiations they were given control of the Ohio Valley

The Canadians broke even- we didn’t gain or lose any land, the borders and Canada stayed the same

The First Nations lost- they were not allowed at the negotiation table and they were now being forced out of the Ohio Valley and off their land

Question 35

Early First Nations of Canada. BC/Pacific Coast

Answer 35

Sedentary - permanent villages
- Climate and abundance of food allowed them to be sedentary
- Fisherman and sea hunters <known for canoes that could hold 50 men>
- Known for their giant carved totem poles

Isolated until the 18th century when Europeans began to hunt sea otters

Question 36

Early First Nations of Canada.
Plains

Answer 36

Nomadic - never ending search for herds
- Gathered roots, berries, tobacco
Used the horse
- Spanish introduced the horse to North America through Mexico
- No permanent homes…traveled too much
- Great hunters (deer and bison)

Question 37

Early First Nations of Canada

Eastern Woodlands

Answer 37

They were Nomadic (on the move searching for food)

Known for the birchbark canoe and snowshoes

Question 38

Early First Nations of Canada
St. Lawrence Lowlands

Answer 38

Iroquois Confederacy
The Iroquois aligned themselves with the Dutch and then the British
The Hurons aligned themselves with the French

Question 39

Methods of Hunting Buffalo

Answer 39

1. Ride along side and shoot them full of arrows until they are too weak and collapse
   - Very difficult and dangerous
2. Buffalo Pound - build a long fenced in area that starts wide and narrows into a corral. Once in the corralled area shoot the buffalo with arrows.
3. Cliff Diving - The First Nation hunters would chase group of buffalo towards and off a steep drop (cliff)
   - Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump in southwestern Alberta. It was used for over 5000 years

Question 40

Theories of how the first human came to North America

Answer 40

Archeologists believe Nomadic hunters followed the wooly mammoth approximately 15,000 years ago into North America and have existed here ever since.

Question 41

Areas of differences between cultures: (6)

Answer 41

Beliefs about the land, its value and ownership

How a society makes decisions

How order is kept within a society - rules and laws

Education

Religion

How a society reacts and works with other societies