Unit 4 Notes Flashcards
what act did John A Macdonald pass in 1872
the Dominion Lands Act in 1872. It made it easy for settlers to own their own land
how much did it cost for a quarter section of land
For just $10.00, an adult male could buy a “quarter section” (64 hectares). For another $10.00 he could purchase the adjoining quarter section.
To qualify for the Dominion Lands Act the farmer must… (3)
- Break the sod
- Build a shelter
- Live on the property for at least six months for 3 years
problems with living on the Prairies (5)
the winters were long and bitterly harsh, while summers were hot and very dry
settlers lived in sod huts, basically a dirt/grass house
isolation- many farms were a days ride from the nearest neighbor or town
trees and wood were scarce
It was long days of very harsh work but some were driven out by drought, hail, grasshoppers, wheat rust, cold winters, bankruptcy, and despair.
who was Clifford Sifton and what did he do (3)
Minister of the Interior
• Sifton began a major recruiting campaign to bring settlers to Canada West
• He used words like “invigorating” instead of freezing and desolate. He banned the printing of Manitoba’s temperature and all reference to cold and snow was deleted from all official publications
Sifton targeted immigrants from several areas… (2)
Americans - they had money and experience with North American climate
Central and Eastern European farmers Ukraine, Poland, Germany - they lived in similar climate and had been farmers for generations
who was not invited to Canada and why
Asians and Africans were the least desired settlers due to their ability to assimilate. The climate was often the excuse used When settlers of certain races were turned away
Chinese denial into Canada. What was used to keep the Chinese out?
A head tax was used to discourage chinese immigrants; no other group was singled out this way. 1885, it was $50 per chinese person. In 1900 it was $100. 1903 it was $500
what Act was passed to keep Chinese out of Canada
Chinese immigrants continued to come to Canada so in 1923 Parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Act which excluded all but a few chinese entry into Canada. (This Act was repealed in 1947)
Who was Canadas first Prime Minister
1867 - John A. Macdonald, a conservative, became canada’s first PM when the Dominion of canada was created
what was Macdonald’s main goal
Macdonald’s primary goal was to expand Canada by adding land and new provinces
purchase of Alaska
Due to the purchase of Alaska - BC was in between the US territory and was in jeopardy of being claimed by the USA
What was Canadas first Territory
Canada then purchased Rupertsland from the Hudson’s Bay Co. on December 1st, 1869 at a cost of $1.5 million. It became our first territory - the Northwest Territory.
The first capital city was Battleford.
what is the modern name for the Red River area
Winnipeg
what were the Métis afraid of when the govt sent surveyors to the Red River area
The Metis of the area were afraid of losing their land and their lifestyle.
who did the Métis ask to represent them
•The Metis people of the Red River area asked Louis Riel, an educated Metis, to represent them.
what committee did Riel form
He formed the National Committee of the Metis
3 things the Metis/Riel did
• In December, 1869 Riel and the Metis stopped the surveyors from entering the area.
• The Metis then stopped the new governor of the colony, William McDougall from entering the settlement.
• The Metis then took over Fort Garry, the main Hudson Bay fort and established a provisional government.
what Bill was sent by the Metis and where?
The Metis Bill of Rights was erected and a copy was sent to Ottawa.
Red River Rebellion: Demands of the Metis (5)
The right to enter confederation as a province
The right to send reps to ottawa - MP’s
The right to have control over local affairs
English and French to be considered official languages
The right for the Metis to keep their customs and way of life
The Canadian Party
an English protestant political party based in Ontario that resisted the Metis demands.
who was Thomas Scott and what happened to him?
• Thomas scott, a member of the Canadian Party was arrested in Red River by the Metis for leading an resistance against Riel’s provisional govt.
• Scott was considered a “troublemaker” by the Metis and executed in 1870.
how did different areas feel about Thomas Scott’s execution
Ontario- considered Scott a hero and wanted Metis punished
Quebec - felt the Metis were heros for resisting.
why did Macdonald negotiate with the Métis? what Act was made?
⭐️ Macdonald had no way to get troops quickly to Red River because the railway didn’t extend far, so he negotiated with the Metis, creating the Manitoba Act of 1870.
What happened after the Red River Rebellion (3)
• Manitoba became Canada’s 5th Province
• All Metis demands were met
• Macdonald did send troops to the new province to help maintain order. Riel feared capture, fled to the US.
What province Macdonald interested in after Manitoba joined Canada?
British Columbia
Why was B.C. considering joining the United States? (2)
Closer to USA than canada
- Mainland Us to south and Alaska to the North
Transportation, communication and trade links already existed a the USA
What did BC want in order to join Canada? (2)
British Columbia decided they would join Canada if they were given a responsible government and a wagon road across the prairies and through the mountains to link it to the rest of Canada.
What does Macdonald promise BC
MacDonald does one better - he promised British Columbia an intercontinental railway that would link BC with the rest of Canada if they joined. Canada. (would be started within 2 years, built within 10)
BC was Canadas ____ province
On July 20, 1871 BC became Canada’s sixth province
Prince Edward Island: why were they in debt
•PEl was financially in debt because they had attempted to build their own railway
What did Macdonald offer PEI (3)
a grant (money) to buy out the absentee land lords
Ottawa would take over, complete and maintain PEl’s railway system
He guaranteed a telegraph (communication) and ferry system (transportation) between the island and mainland Canada.
PEI was Canadas _____ province
On July 1, 1873, PEI became Canada’s 7th Province
what was the Pacific Scandal
Liberals accused Macdonald of accepting a payoff from the railway company. It was known as the PACIFIC Scandal and Macdonald resigned.
who became the next Prime Minister of Canada and why?
After the Pacific Scandal, the Liberals led by Alexander Mackenzie formed the next government
What did Mackenzie postpone, and who was mad? (2)
- Mackenzie postponed the building of the railway (that Macdonald was going to build) and instead built short rail links to water instead.
- BC threatened to withdraw from Canada because the R.R. that was promised was not being built.
Election reforms Mackenzie passed (3)
secret ballots
all voting across canada must take place on the same day
records must be kept of campaign donations
Mackenzie vs. Macdonald, who was conservative and who was liberal?
Mackenzie (Liberal)
Macdonald (conservative)
Who won the election, what year, Macdonald or Mackenzie?
1878, Macdonald’s campaign is based on a new concept called The National Policy and Macdonald wins and is Prime Minister again
3 things Macdonald wanted to do in the National Policy
- The Canadian West had to be expanded and settled.
- A railway had to be built from coast to coast
- Canadian industry had to be expanded and protected.
National Policy: The Canadian West had to be expanded and settled. (3 pts)
A. Canada needed immigration of new people, but the First Nations people had to be “controlled” and settled so they would not cause the new settlers any problems.
B. Canada had to develop new products to export. Also more farmers were needed and new strains of wheat had to be developed that could withstand the prairie weather.
C. By settling the West, it would prevent the American expansion into it.
The National Policy: A railway had to be built from coast to coast (1)
This would link the expanded Canada and allow for trade and transportation.
The National Policy: Canadian industry had to be expanded and protected. (3 pts)
Macdonald created protective tariffs - foreign products coming into Canada would be taxed.
A. This would encourage Canadians to buy Canadian products. The West and Atlantic regions would supply the resources to make this happen.
B. Americans were encouraged to start “Branch Plants” in Canada. These were run in Canada using Canadian resources labour, but adding American “know-how” and expertise.
The Northwest Rebellion: What did Macdonalds govt create and what were they to do?
1813- Macdonalds government created the North West Mounted Police. They were to bring law and order to the Canadian Frontier. In 1920, the NWMP was reorganized into the Royal Canadian Mounted police (RCMP) which you all know
Northwest Rebellion: who were the main law breakers in the late 1800s
American whiskey traders
Northwest Rebellion: 3 Groups who had concerns
- The Metis
- The Indigenous people
- The white settlers
Northwest Rebellion: Metis concerns
they wanted the same guarantees they had received in Manitoba 15 years earlier
Northwest Rebellion: Indigenous peoples concerns
they were starving. The Buffalo were disappearing and the government was not helping the Indian people survive.
Northwest Rebellion: white settlers concerns
They wanted representation from the federal govt, like Manitoba did. They also wanted lower tariffs and shipping rates for their grain products.
Northwest Rebellion events (11)
- The people of the North West looked to Riel to help them as he had in Manitoba. He returned from the USA and sent a Bill of Rights to Ottawa demanding settlement of the Metis.
- His petition was ignored!
- Riel sent an ultimatum to NWMP Superintendent Crozier demanding that he surrender Fort Carleton.
- Crozier refused and Gabriel Dumont, the Metis military leader attacked
- ⭐️ Macdonald sent troops by RAIL to put down the rebellion.
- There were battles at Fish Creek, Cutknife, and finally at Batoche where the Metis surrendered
- Gabriel Dumont fled to the United States
- ⭐️ Riel surrendered and was charged with HIGH TREASON
- The charge of High Treason was an obscure British law that was rarely used but it carried the DEATH SENTENCE
*Riel was tried in Regina and found guilty, but the jury recommended mercy
- Quebec wanted him pardoned, while Ontario wanted him executed. Macdonald delayed his decision, but eventually ordered the execution.
Aftermath of the Northwest Rebellion
- The Railway has proven its worth and renewed funding Led to its completion.
- Many FN people were arrested and many executed
- Alberta and Saskatchewan don’t become Provinces til 1905
- The Red River Rebellion was a win for Riel
- The North West Rebellion was a loss
The Citizens of North West Territory DID NOT get: (3)
Province
Representative/Representation
Land rights
The Indian Act- 1876 (2)
- Traditional ceremonies were banned
- First Nation children were forced by law to go to Residential Schools.
The Indian Act: why were treaties signed (4)
• Declining Buffalo herds put many indigenous nations on the verge of extinction
• FN people feared the loss of their culture and way of life as European settlement increased.
• They did not trust the Canadian government or treaties, but they thought if they did not sign they would not survive.
• The First Nations surrendered their lands in exchange for reserve land and treaty rights.
What did the Govt want FN people to use their land for
The canadian Federal Govt wanted FN people to use their land for farming.
How many treaties are there and where
• There are 11 treaties in total. The first 5 cover northwest Ontario, southern Manitoba, Sasketchewin, and Alberta
We are in the Treaty 4 area-signed in Fort Qu Appelle
By agreeing to the treaties and in return for giving up their land, the Indigenous people would receive: (7)
- Reserve lands to live on: Usually, just 600 square meters were provided to each family of 5
- Cash (the amount varied in each treaty)
- An allowance for blankets and hunting/fishing tools
- Farming Assistance
- A census to Keep track of how many people there were in each band, mainly for financial compensation purposes
- The right to hunt and fish on all ceded land not used for settlement, lumbering or mining
- The right for the govt to build public buildings, roads and other important buildings.
What did FN people have to do in return
In return, the FN people had to promise to keep the peace, maintain law and order, and keep liquor off reserves
Status Indians (Enfranchised Indians)
FN people who were “Standing in line” when the Indian agent came to count heads (like attendance). They were recognized (enfranchised) and counted as status Indians and are subject to laws and rights contained in the Indian Act.
• All Metis or “part” Indians were not entitled to Indian status, or any rights.
Residential schools: purpose
Purpose of the Residential schools was to assimilate FN children into White Canadian society
Why were children targeted
1856 - A government policy stated that adult Indigenous people could not be changed, so the emphasis was on the children
How many children attended Residential schools
More than 100,000 chidren attended over 130 Residential School across Canada
When did the last Residential school close?
1996
Why were residential schools built far away from reserves
Many schools were built far away from reserves and families to limit influence from home
who ran residential schools
- Residential schools were run by the Protestant, Catholic, Anglican, and Methodist churches as early as 1820
how many residential schools were there in Saskatchewan
20
who was not forced to attend residential schools
- Metis children were not forced to attend, although some did attend as it was their only option for Education
what was the focus of schooling in residential schools?
- The focus of schooling was on agricultural training. The goal was to turn the FN people into farmers. Assimilation
was the education at residential schools better or worse than regular Canadian schools
- The education offered at residential school was inferior to the regular Canadian schools. Less than half the day was devoted to learning, the rest of the day was spent on
“practical Education” such as manual labour, woodworking, farming, chores etc.
who took over the management of residential schools and what happened
- 1969- The Department of Indian Affairs takes over the management of the residential schools.
- In an effort to correct the problems FN teachers were hired to run the schools, but the cycle of abuse continued because the hired teachers had been abused so they continued to abuse the students.
who is Wilfred Laurier
First Prime Minister of French Ancestry
Manitoba School Question (2)
1890 - The Manitoba provincial govt passed the manitoba Schools Act that set up a single school system, no church or religious schools and instruction was to be in English only
Roman Catholics would have to fund their own separate schools.
Lauriers solution
- No public financial support for separate schools
- The right to religious education was allowed if enough students
- Instruction in French was allowed if enough students
Imperialists
Most English speaking Canadians were proud to be part of the British commonwealth
Nationalists
Most French Canadians were not loyal to the British and felt more pride in their own French Canadian culture and language.
The Boer War: when, where, and who
- 1899-1902
- South Africa
- British Settlers vs. The Boers (early Dutch colonist)
what started the Boer war
The British settlers were moving into areas that held gold and diamonds. As tensions increased the Boers declared war on Britain.
The Boer War: what did Britain ask Canada for
Britain asked Canada to send soldiers to prove that Canada and Britain would stand together in times of trouble.
The Boer War: Lauriers Decision
- Canada would not send an official army, but canada would equip and transport 1,000 volunteers
The Boer war: how many people were actually sent and how much did it cost
- By wars end Canada sent 1300 volunteers at a cost of $2.8 million
Laurier’s plan for the Boer war disappointed both sides
- The Imperialists felt Canada did not do enough
- The Nationalists felt canada did too much
The Naval Crisis
1909 - An ongoing Naval Arms race between Britain and Germany had created the very real possibility of war
Britain wanted Canada and its other colonies to contribute money to build more ships.
Naval crisis: the question
Should Canada support Britain or build its own Navy
Naval service Bill (Lauriers decision) (2)
Canada would create its own navy, but in an emergency the canadian navy could be placed under the control of Britain
Five cruisers and Six destroyers would be built immediately and Naval bases would be built in B.C. and Nova Scotia
Naval service Bill: why were both sides dissapointed
The Nationalists disagreed, they thought Canada’s Navy could be sent anywhere at any time to fight for Britain
The Imperialists also disagreed, they thought Canada’s “tin pot” navy would not fulfill Britals needs.
Lauriers final statement on the Naval crisis was…
When Britain is at war, Canada is at war, but Canada would decide how much it would participate in Future wars.
The Alaskan Boundary Dispute - 1903 (3)
The USA purchase of Alaska also included a strip of coastline extending south from Alaska to Prince of Wales island.
The wording of the treaty was unclear and neither Canada nor the USA knew who owned the land and neither country cared until gold was discovered in the Yukon
There was money to be made (customs and taxes) from the prospectors as they flooded into the Yukon
The Alaskan Boundary Dispute: panel of judges
The dispute was put before a panel of 6 judges: 3 American, 2 Canadian and 1 British.
what was the outcome of the dispute
The ruling ended 4-2 against Canada. The British judge sided with the US, because Britain feared a war with Germany and wanted to gain the US as an ally.
how did Canadians feel about the outcome of the dispute
Canadians all across Canada were outraged and resented the USA and Britain. It became clearer that Canada must make its own decisions in the future and not rely on Britain for assistance.
