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ZHuman Physiology > Unit 4 QUIZ > Flashcards

Unit 4 QUIZ Flashcards

1
Q

Alveoli are microscopic air sacs branching off the ______

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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2
Q

The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes all of the following passages except ______

A

alveolar ducts

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3
Q

The conducting zone of the respiratory system does not _____

A

exchange gases with the blood

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4
Q

The space __________ is referred to as a “potential space.”

A

between the parietal and visceral pleurae

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5
Q

The pressure difference across the lung wall is the ____

A

transpulmonary pressure

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6
Q

__ states that the amount of pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture is proportional to the percentage of the gas in the mixture

A

Dalton’s Law

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7
Q

Lung surfactant is produced by

A

type II alveolar ducts

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8
Q

The amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled in one breath during unforced breathing is the ___

A

tidal volume

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9
Q

Forceful expiration requires the actions of the _____

A

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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10
Q

During normal, relaxed respiration, about 500 ml of air enters and leaves the lungs with each respiratory cycle. This is called the _____

A

tidal volume

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11
Q

One atmosphere is defined as

A

760 torr

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12
Q

The pressure of dry atmospheric gas is primarily determined by all of the following gases except ____________, which makes a comparatively negligible contribution.

A

Hydrogen

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13
Q

The rhythmicity center, a sort of pacemaker that sets the rhythm of automatic breathing, is located in the ____

A

Medulla oblongata

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14
Q

Hypoventilation tends to cause

A

hypercapnia

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15
Q

The Bohr effect describes the effect of ___

A

decreased pH decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, enhancing unloading

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16
Q

When there is less oxyhemoglobin in the blood, red blood cells produce 2,3-DPG. This metabolic product ____

A

enhances oxygen unloading at the systemic capillaries

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17
Q

Two alpha chains and two gamma chains make up the protein (globin) part of __

A

hemoglobin F

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18
Q

Hemoglobin S differs from hemoglobin A in that ______

A

glutamic acid is replaced by valine in the beta chain

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19
Q

Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in all of the following ways except as ____

A

carboxyhemoglobin

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20
Q

The central chemoreceptors will increase their firing rate in direct response to increases in the level of ____________ in the CSF, resulting in _____________ ventilation.

A

acid; increased

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21
Q

T/F. Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood is an active transport process.

A

False

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22
Q

T/F. Intrapulmonary pressure must be lower than atmospheric pressure for air to enter the lungs.

A

True

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23
Q

T/F. Even after exhaling as forcefully as possible, one still has air in the lungs

A

True

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24
Q

The surface tension exerted by water in the alveoli prevent collapse of the alveoli during exhalation.

A

False

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25
Q

It normally requires no muscular effort to exhale.

A

True

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26
Q

External respiration refers to _____

A

ventilation and gas exchange between the air and blood

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27
Q

A chest wound can introduce air into the intrapleural space, a condition known as __

A

pneumothorax

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28
Q

According to _________, if it were not for pulmonary surfactants, we should expect the surface tension in a small alveolus to produce greater pressure than in a large one and air would flow from the smaller alveolus to into the larger one.

A

LaPlace’s Law

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29
Q

A deficiency of lung surfactant may result in _____

A

respiratory distress syndrome

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30
Q

A restrictive lung disorder is indicated by a below normal _____

A

vital capacity

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31
Q

Any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume (FEV), but does not significantly affect the vital capacity is categorized purely as a(n) _______

A

obstructive lung disorder

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32
Q

Which of the following is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is commonly known as a black lung disease?

A

anthracosis

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33
Q

Obstruction of circulation through the lungs can put a strain on the right ventricle, which must work to pump blood against this increased resistance and can lead to failure of that chamber. This syndrome is known as ______

A

cor pulmonale

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34
Q

A dry mixture of gases has a total pressure of 600 mmHg and the oxygen comprises 20% of the gas mixture. The partial pressure of oxygen (P02) is therefore equal to ___

A

120 mmHg

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35
Q

According to Henry’s law, the amount of gas that will dissolve in blood plasma or any other liquid is determined by which of these factors?

A

solubility of the gas in the liquid

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36
Q

Which of the following changes does not occur when a fetus is delivered and begins to breathe on its own for the first time?

A

the rate of blood flow through pulmonary circulation decreases

37
Q

The bends are symptomatic of ______

A

decompression sickness

38
Q

If a person’s PCO2 remains chronically high, as in emphysema, the peripheral chemoreceptors become insensitive to hypercapnia and pulmonary ventilation becomes stimulated by _________ rather than by increases in blood PCO2.

A

hypoxic drive

39
Q

The __________ makes it virtually impossible to voluntarily over-inflate the lungs.

A

Hering-Breuer reflex

40
Q

Hemoglobin that has undergone oxidation of the iron is known as _____

A

methemoglobin

41
Q

T/F. Epinephrine can be used to treat an asthmatic attack without the danger of also overstimulating the heart.

A

False

42
Q

T/F. When deoxyhemoglobin binds to oxygen, it becomes oxidized hemoglobin.

A

False

43
Q

T/F. In a standing person, the alveoli located at the base of the lung are better ventilated (in liters per minute) than the alveoli found at the apex of the lung

A

True

44
Q

T/F. Fetal hemoglobin or hemoglobin F does not bind oxygen as well as adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A.

A

False

45
Q

T/F. Acidosis is a state in which the blood and tissue fluid have an acidic pH.

A

False

46
Q

The kidney regulates all of the following except ____

A

absorption of substances from the GI tract

47
Q

Examining the structure of the kidney reveals that the ___

A

cortex is in contact with the outer capsule

48
Q

The blood vessel delivering blood directly to the glomerulus is the ___

A

afferent arteriole

49
Q

That portion of the nephron responsible for filtering the blood is the _____

A

glomerular capillaries

50
Q

The name of the blood vessels that are found in the medulla as part of the vasa recta are the ____

A

peritubular capillaries

51
Q

Which of the following are not easily filtered by the glomerulus and thus are not normally found in the ultrafiltrate?

A

red and white blood cells

52
Q

The return of filtered molecules from the nephron tubules back into the blood is called ___

A

reabsorption

53
Q

Within the proximal convoluted tubule _

A

the majority of glucose is reabsorbed

54
Q

Which statement about antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is false?

A

ADH is released when osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense a decrease in the blood osmolality.

55
Q

The disease diabetes insipidus ____

A

results in the production of a large volume of dilute urine

56
Q

Which of the following is filtered and then completely (100%) reabsorbed by the nephron?

A

glucose

57
Q

Glucose and amino acids are _

A

reabsorbed completely unless their concentrations in the filtrate exceed their transport maximum

58
Q

The extracellular fluid concentration of which of the following ions is not primarily regulated by the kidney?

A

iron

59
Q

Aldosterone ______

A

stimulates the secretion of K+ from the peritubular blood into the distal convoluted tubule

60
Q

Which statement about the role of the kidneys in the regulation of plasma blood pH is false?

A

The kidneys normally excrete all of the filtered bicarbonate ion.

61
Q

Within the proximal convoluted tubule ___

A

under acidotic conditions, almost all of the H+ goes back into the filtrate and is used to help reabsorb all of the filtered bicarbonate

62
Q

The two organs most responsible for acid-base balance are the _________

A

kidneys and lungs

63
Q

Mannitol is considered to be a(n) __

A

osmotic diuretic

64
Q

If a substance is neither filtered, reabsorbed, nor secreted at the kidney, where would you expect to find it?

A

blood in the renal vein

65
Q

T/F. The internal urethral sphincter (the upper sphincter) is composed of skeletal muscle whereas the external urethral sphincter (the lower sphincter) is composed of smooth muscle and thus is under involuntary control.

A

False

66
Q

T/F. The functional unit of the kidney that is responsible for the formation of urine is the nephron.

A

True

67
Q

T/F. The glomerulus is the structure that is thought of as the “filter” of the kidney since it forms a fluid called filtrate (or ultrafiltrate) from the blood.

A

True

68
Q

T/F. The glomerulus, the glomerular capsule, and the proximal convoluted tubule are all located within the medulla region of the kidney.

A

False

69
Q

T/F. There are two types of nephrons, which are classified according to their position within the kidney and the lengths of their loops of Henle.

A

True

70
Q

T/F. The filtrate within the nephron becomes urine only when it passes through the distal convoluted tubules and enters the collecting ducts.

A

False

71
Q

Which of the following statements about the micturition reflex is true?

A

The urge to urinate is a reflex involving the stimulation of specific autonomic nerves.

72
Q

The net filtration pressure at the glomerulus that results in the formation of ultralfiltrate is ___

A

estimated to be approximately 10 mmHg

73
Q

Which statement about the glomerular filtrate (GFR) is false?

A

The GFR increases during fight-or-flight situations due to the vasodilation of afferent arterioles.

74
Q

Regarding the countercurrent multiplier system ___

A

salt becomes recirculated and trapped in the medullary tissue fluid, increasing “saltiness” as it accumulates toward the lower tip of the pyramids

75
Q

When the concentration of antidiruetic hormone rises in the blood, __

A

water channels, or aquaporins, appear in the cell membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells promoting the reabsorption of water from the filtrate

76
Q

Which substance is both filtered and secreted by the nephron and is, therefore, used to measure the renal plasma flow and estimate the total renal blood flow?

A

para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)

77
Q

The reflex response that would be observed in a person with a high blood volume is ______

A

increased urinary Na+

78
Q

Which statement about acid-base balance regulation in the kidneys is false?

A

Normally some H+ is excreted each day in the urine, thereby raising the urine pH value above that of the blood, which is normally 7.4.

79
Q

Diuretics that competitively block the aldosterone-induced stimulation of Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the distal convoluted tubule are known as ______

A

potassium-sparing diuretics

80
Q

The major kidney function that cannot be performed by artificial dialysis membranes is to ___

A

reabsorb Na+, K+, glucose, and other molecules

81
Q

Elimination of xenobiotic substances (including many therapeutic and abused drugs) is handled by ____

A

organic anion transporters

82
Q

Excess blood potassium (hyperkalemia) is removed by increasing secretion of the hormone _______ which stimulates an increase in the secretion of potassium by cells within the ____

A

aldosterone; cortical collecting duct

83
Q

T/F. Polycystic kidney disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait that is caused by a defective gene, leading to the formation of expanded portions of the kidney tubules (cysts) and progressive renal failure later in life.

A

True

84
Q

T/F. Plasma proteins can pass through the glomerular capillary pores yet do not appear in the filtrate mainly because they are too large and are repelled by positive charges on the basement membrane outside the capillary wall.

A

False

85
Q

T/F. Total urine production each day is greater than daily GFR.

A

False

86
Q

T/F. A minimum of 400 ml of urine per day is required by the kidney to excrete the metabolic wastes produced by the body and this volume is known as obligatory water loss.

A

True

87
Q

T/F. In the proximal convoluted tubule, the Na+/K+ pumps are located only on the apical sides of the epithelial membranes.

A

False

88
Q

T/F. Only a small part (less than 10%) of salt and water in the original ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule and returned to the blood

A

False

89
Q

T/F. The net action of the vasa recta is to remove water from and dilute solutes in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla.

A

False

ZHuman Physiology (6 decks)

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