Unit 4 QUIZ Flashcards by Rod Meyer

Alveoli are microscopic air sacs branching off the ______

Respiratory bronchioles

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The conducting zone of the respiratory system includes all of the following passages except ______

alveolar ducts

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The conducting zone of the respiratory system does not _____

exchange gases with the blood

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The space __________ is referred to as a “potential space.”

between the parietal and visceral pleurae

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The pressure difference across the lung wall is the ____

transpulmonary pressure

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__ states that the amount of pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture is proportional to the percentage of the gas in the mixture

Dalton’s Law

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Lung surfactant is produced by

type II alveolar ducts

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The amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled in one breath during unforced breathing is the ___

tidal volume

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Forceful expiration requires the actions of the _____

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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During normal, relaxed respiration, about 500 ml of air enters and leaves the lungs with each respiratory cycle. This is called the _____

tidal volume

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One atmosphere is defined as

760 torr

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The pressure of dry atmospheric gas is primarily determined by all of the following gases except ____________, which makes a comparatively negligible contribution.

Hydrogen

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The rhythmicity center, a sort of pacemaker that sets the rhythm of automatic breathing, is located in the ____

Medulla oblongata

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Hypoventilation tends to cause

hypercapnia

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The Bohr effect describes the effect of ___

decreased pH decreasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, enhancing unloading

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When there is less oxyhemoglobin in the blood, red blood cells produce 2,3-DPG. This metabolic product ____

enhances oxygen unloading at the systemic capillaries

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Two alpha chains and two gamma chains make up the protein (globin) part of __

hemoglobin F

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Hemoglobin S differs from hemoglobin A in that ______

glutamic acid is replaced by valine in the beta chain

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Carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in all of the following ways except as ____

carboxyhemoglobin

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The central chemoreceptors will increase their firing rate in direct response to increases in the level of ____________ in the CSF, resulting in _____________ ventilation.

acid; increased

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T/F. Gas exchange between the lungs and the blood is an active transport process.

False

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T/F. Intrapulmonary pressure must be lower than atmospheric pressure for air to enter the lungs.

True

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T/F. Even after exhaling as forcefully as possible, one still has air in the lungs

True

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The surface tension exerted by water in the alveoli prevent collapse of the alveoli during exhalation.

False

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It normally requires no muscular effort to exhale.

True

External respiration refers to _____

ventilation and gas exchange between the air and blood

A chest wound can introduce air into the intrapleural space, a condition known as __

pneumothorax

According to _________, if it were not for pulmonary surfactants, we should expect the surface tension in a small alveolus to produce greater pressure than in a large one and air would flow from the smaller alveolus to into the larger one.

LaPlace's Law

A deficiency of lung surfactant may result in _____

respiratory distress syndrome

A restrictive lung disorder is indicated by a below normal _____

vital capacity

Any lung disease that reduces the forced expiratory volume (FEV), but does not significantly affect the vital capacity is categorized purely as a(n) _______

obstructive lung disorder

Which of the following is classified as a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is commonly known as a black lung disease?

anthracosis

Obstruction of circulation through the lungs can put a strain on the right ventricle, which must work to pump blood against this increased resistance and can lead to failure of that chamber. This syndrome is known as ______

cor pulmonale

A dry mixture of gases has a total pressure of 600 mmHg and the oxygen comprises 20% of the gas mixture. The partial pressure of oxygen (P02) is therefore equal to ___

120 mmHg

According to Henry's law, the amount of gas that will dissolve in blood plasma or any other liquid is determined by which of these factors?

solubility of the gas in the liquid

Which of the following changes does not occur when a fetus is delivered and begins to breathe on its own for the first time?

the rate of blood flow through pulmonary circulation decreases

The bends are symptomatic of ______

decompression sickness

If a person's PCO2 remains chronically high, as in emphysema, the peripheral chemoreceptors become insensitive to hypercapnia and pulmonary ventilation becomes stimulated by _________ rather than by increases in blood PCO2.

hypoxic drive

The __________ makes it virtually impossible to voluntarily over-inflate the lungs.

Hering-Breuer reflex

Hemoglobin that has undergone oxidation of the iron is known as _____

methemoglobin

T/F. Epinephrine can be used to treat an asthmatic attack without the danger of also overstimulating the heart.

False

T/F. When deoxyhemoglobin binds to oxygen, it becomes oxidized hemoglobin.

False

T/F. In a standing person, the alveoli located at the base of the lung are better ventilated (in liters per minute) than the alveoli found at the apex of the lung

True

T/F. Fetal hemoglobin or hemoglobin F does not bind oxygen as well as adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A.

False

T/F. Acidosis is a state in which the blood and tissue fluid have an acidic pH.

False

The kidney regulates all of the following except ____

absorption of substances from the GI tract

Examining the structure of the kidney reveals that the ___

cortex is in contact with the outer capsule

The blood vessel delivering blood directly to the glomerulus is the ___

afferent arteriole

That portion of the nephron responsible for filtering the blood is the _____

glomerular capillaries

The name of the blood vessels that are found in the medulla as part of the vasa recta are the ____

peritubular capillaries

Which of the following are not easily filtered by the glomerulus and thus are not normally found in the ultrafiltrate?

red and white blood cells

The return of filtered molecules from the nephron tubules back into the blood is called ___

reabsorption

Within the proximal convoluted tubule _

the majority of glucose is reabsorbed

Which statement about antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is false?

ADH is released when osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus sense a decrease in the blood osmolality.

The disease diabetes insipidus ____

results in the production of a large volume of dilute urine

Which of the following is filtered and then completely (100%) reabsorbed by the nephron?

glucose

Glucose and amino acids are _

reabsorbed completely unless their concentrations in the filtrate exceed their transport maximum

The extracellular fluid concentration of which of the following ions is not primarily regulated by the kidney?

iron

Aldosterone ______

stimulates the secretion of K+ from the peritubular blood into the distal convoluted tubule

Which statement about the role of the kidneys in the regulation of plasma blood pH is false?

The kidneys normally excrete all of the filtered bicarbonate ion.

Within the proximal convoluted tubule ___

under acidotic conditions, almost all of the H+ goes back into the filtrate and is used to help reabsorb all of the filtered bicarbonate

The two organs most responsible for acid-base balance are the _________

kidneys and lungs

Mannitol is considered to be a(n) __

osmotic diuretic

If a substance is neither filtered, reabsorbed, nor secreted at the kidney, where would you expect to find it?

blood in the renal vein

T/F. The internal urethral sphincter (the upper sphincter) is composed of skeletal muscle whereas the external urethral sphincter (the lower sphincter) is composed of smooth muscle and thus is under involuntary control.

False

T/F. The functional unit of the kidney that is responsible for the formation of urine is the nephron.

True

T/F. The glomerulus is the structure that is thought of as the "filter" of the kidney since it forms a fluid called filtrate (or ultrafiltrate) from the blood.

True

T/F. The glomerulus, the glomerular capsule, and the proximal convoluted tubule are all located within the medulla region of the kidney.

False

T/F. There are two types of nephrons, which are classified according to their position within the kidney and the lengths of their loops of Henle.

True

T/F. The filtrate within the nephron becomes urine only when it passes through the distal convoluted tubules and enters the collecting ducts.

False

Which of the following statements about the micturition reflex is true?

The urge to urinate is a reflex involving the stimulation of specific autonomic nerves.

The net filtration pressure at the glomerulus that results in the formation of ultralfiltrate is ___

estimated to be approximately 10 mmHg

Which statement about the glomerular filtrate (GFR) is false?

The GFR increases during fight-or-flight situations due to the vasodilation of afferent arterioles.

Regarding the countercurrent multiplier system ___

salt becomes recirculated and trapped in the medullary tissue fluid, increasing "saltiness" as it accumulates toward the lower tip of the pyramids

When the concentration of antidiruetic hormone rises in the blood, __

water channels, or aquaporins, appear in the cell membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells promoting the reabsorption of water from the filtrate

Which substance is both filtered and secreted by the nephron and is, therefore, used to measure the renal plasma flow and estimate the total renal blood flow?

para-aminohippuric acid (PAH)

The reflex response that would be observed in a person with a high blood volume is ______

increased urinary Na+

Which statement about acid-base balance regulation in the kidneys is false?

Normally some H+ is excreted each day in the urine, thereby raising the urine pH value above that of the blood, which is normally 7.4.

Diuretics that competitively block the aldosterone-induced stimulation of Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the distal convoluted tubule are known as ______

potassium-sparing diuretics

The major kidney function that cannot be performed by artificial dialysis membranes is to ___

reabsorb Na+, K+, glucose, and other molecules

Elimination of xenobiotic substances (including many therapeutic and abused drugs) is handled by ____

organic anion transporters

Excess blood potassium (hyperkalemia) is removed by increasing secretion of the hormone _______ which stimulates an increase in the secretion of potassium by cells within the ____

aldosterone; cortical collecting duct

T/F. Polycystic kidney disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait that is caused by a defective gene, leading to the formation of expanded portions of the kidney tubules (cysts) and progressive renal failure later in life.

True

T/F. Plasma proteins can pass through the glomerular capillary pores yet do not appear in the filtrate mainly because they are too large and are repelled by positive charges on the basement membrane outside the capillary wall.

False

T/F. Total urine production each day is greater than daily GFR.

False

T/F. A minimum of 400 ml of urine per day is required by the kidney to excrete the metabolic wastes produced by the body and this volume is known as obligatory water loss.

True

T/F. In the proximal convoluted tubule, the Na+/K+ pumps are located only on the apical sides of the epithelial membranes.

False

T/F. Only a small part (less than 10%) of salt and water in the original ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule and returned to the blood

False

T/F. The net action of the vasa recta is to remove water from and dilute solutes in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla.

False

Unit 4 QUIZ Flashcards

(89 cards)