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ZHuman Physiology > Unit 3 MATERIAL > Flashcards

Unit 3 MATERIAL Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the circulatory system

A

Transportation, regulation, protection

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2
Q

Major components of the circulatory system

A

Cardiovascular system and lymphatic system

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3
Q

Components of the cardiovascular system

A

arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries

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4
Q

Components of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes)

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5
Q

Average adult blood volume is ___ liters.

A

5

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6
Q

bright red, oxygenated except for blood going to the lungs

A

Arterial Blood

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7
Q

dark red, deoxygenated except for blood coming from the lungs

A

Venous blood

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8
Q

Blood is made of __% formed elements and __% plasma (by volume)

A

45; 55

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9
Q

Plasma protein that creates osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure

A

albumin

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10
Q

Globulins that transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

A

alpha and beta globulins

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11
Q

Globulins are proteins found in the

A

plasma

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12
Q

Plasma proteins make up _% to _% of plasma

A

7 to 8

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13
Q

Globulins that are antibodies that function in immunity

A

Gamma globulins

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14
Q

Plasma without fibrinogen

A

Serum

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15
Q

Helps in clotting after becoming fibrin

A

Fibrinogen

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16
Q

What do osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus do

A

Cause the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland if fluid is lost or osmolality increases

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17
Q

Formed elements of the blood

A

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets

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18
Q

Abnormally low hemoglobin or RBC count

A

Anemia

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19
Q

Erythrocytes characteristics (7)

A

Flattened, biconcave discs
Carry oxygen
Lack nuclei and mitochondria
Count – approximately 5 million/mm3 blood
Have a 120-day life span
Each contain about 280 million hemoglobin molecules
Iron heme is recycled from the liver and spleen; carried by transferrin in the blood to the red bone marrow

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20
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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21
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

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22
Q

Leukocytes characteristics

A

Have nuclei and mitochondria

Count – approximately 5000 to 9000/mm3 blood

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23
Q

movement through the capillary wall into connective tissue

A

Diapedesis

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24
Q

How do leukocytes move

A

Amoeboid fashion

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25
Q

Smallest formed element, fragments of large cells called megakaryocytic

A

Platelets (thrombocytes)

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26
Q

Platelets characteristics

A

Lack nuclei
Very short-lived (5 to 9 days)
Clot blood with several other chemicals and fibrinogen
Release serotonin that stimulates vasoconstriction
Count: 130,000 to 400,000/mm3 blood

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27
Q

Formation of blood cellular components is called

A

Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

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28
Q

embryonic cells that give rise to all blood cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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29
Q

Where does Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis) occur

A

Myeloid (red bone marrow) and lymphoid tissue

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30
Q

Formation of red blood cells is called

A

Erythropoiesis

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31
Q

Red bone marrow produces how much RBCs/Sec

A

2.5 million

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32
Q

Regulation of erythropoiesis occurs through

A

Process stimulated by erythropoietin from the kidneys that respond to low blood O2 levels
Process takes about 3 days

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33
Q

Most iron in RBC formation comes from

A

Recycled RBCs, the rest from diet.

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34
Q

Intestinal iron secreted into blood through

A

ferroportin channels

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35
Q

All iron travels in blood bound to

A

Transferrin

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36
Q

Iron homeostasis hormone which removes ferroportin channels to promote cellular storage of iron and lowers plasma iron levels

A

Hepcidin

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37
Q

Formation of white blood cells is called

A

Leukopoiesis

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38
Q

What stimulates the production of different leukocytes?

A

Cytokines

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39
Q

What are the different subtypes of leukocytes (5)

A 
Multipotent growth factor-1
Interleukin-1
Interleukin-3
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor
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40
Q

stimulates growth of megakaryocytes and maturation into platelets

A

Thrombopoietin

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41
Q

has the A antigen (RBC)

A

Type A

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42
Q

has the B antigen (RBC)

A

Type B

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43
Q

has both the A and B antigens (RBC)

A

Type AB

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44
Q

has neither the A nor the B antigen (RBC)

A

Type O

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45
Q

found on the surface of cells to help immune system recognize self cells

A

Antigens

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46
Q

secreted by lymphocytes in response to foreign cells

A

Antibodies

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47
Q

has anti-B antibodies (plasma)

A

Type A

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48
Q

has anti-A antibodies (plasma)

A

Type B

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49
Q

has no antibodies (universal recipient) (plasma)

A

Type AB

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50
Q

has anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor) (plasma)

A

Type O

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51
Q

Transfusion reaction

A

If a person is given wrong blood, antibodies bind to erythrocytes and cause agglutination

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52
Q

Antigen for Rh factor

A

Antigen D

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53
Q

Will not have antibodies unless exposed to Rh+ either through blood transfusion or pregnancy

A

Rh-

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54
Q

Rh- mothers are treated with what in future pregnancies if their first child was Rh+

A

RhoGAM. Antibodies cross placenta and attack Rh+ RBCs of new fetus.

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55
Q

cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged

A

Hemostasis

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56
Q

Damage exposes collagen fibers to blood, producing (3)

A

Vasoconstriction
Formation of platelet plug
Formation of fibrin protein web

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57
Q

Prostacyclin, nitric acid, and CD39 are secreted by

A

intact endothelium

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58
Q

Prostacyclin and nitric acid in endothelium do what?

A

Vasodilate and inhibit platelet aggregation

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59
Q

CD39 do what?

A

Breaks down ADP into AMP and Pi to inhibit platelet aggregation further

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60
Q

What holds platelets at damaged endothelium

A

von Willebrand factor

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61
Q

Damaged endothelium exposes

A

collagen

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62
Q

Platelet release reaction molecules (3)

A 
ADP (sticky platelets)
Serotonin (vasoconstriction)
Thromboxane A (sticky platelets and vasoconstriction)
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63
Q

Intrinsic conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

A

Activated by exposure to collagen. Factor VII activates a cascade of other blood factors.

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64
Q

Extrinsic conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

A

Induced by tissue thromboplastin (factor iii). More direct pathway.

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65
Q

Steps of formation of fibrin (3)

A

Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin via one of two pathways.
Calcium and phospholipids (from the platelets) convert prothrombin to the active enzyme thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Vitamin K is needed by the liver to make several of the needed clotting factors.

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66
Q

Drug that blocks thrombin to prevent clots

A

Heparin

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67
Q

Drug that inhibits vitamin K

A

Coumadin

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68
Q

What digests fibrin after a blood clot

A

Plasmin

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69
Q

Right atrium of heart does what

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from body

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70
Q

Right ventricle of heart does what

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

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71
Q

Left atrium of heart does what

A

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs

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72
Q

Left ventricle of heart does what

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to body

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73
Q

Annuli fibrosi rings do what?

A

Hold the heart valves

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74
Q

Circulation between heart and lungs

A

Pulmonary

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75
Q

Circulation between heart and body

A

Systemic

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76
Q

Blood pumps to lungs via

A

Pulmonary arteries

77
Q

Blood returns to heart from lungs via

A

Pulmonary veins

78
Q

Blood pumps to tissues via

A

aorta

79
Q

Blood returns to heart from tissues via

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

80
Q

Valve located between the atria and the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular valves

81
Q

AV located between right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

82
Q

AV located between between left atrium and left ventricle

A

Bicuspid valve

83
Q

Prevent heart valves from inverting

A

Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae

84
Q

Valves located between the ventricles and arteries leaving the heart

A

Semilunar valves

85
Q

SV between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

A

Pulmonary valve

86
Q

SV between left ventricle and aorta

A

aortic valve

87
Q

“Lub”

A

closing of AV valves; occurs at ventricular systole

88
Q

“Dub”

A

closing of semilunar valves; occurs at ventricular diastole

89
Q

Rheumatic fever (from strep throat) can cause mitral valve flaps to thicken or fuse.

A

Mitral stenosis

90
Q

Causes for a heart murmur (3)

A

Mitral stenosis.
Incompetent valves.
Septal defects.

91
Q

Contraction of heart muscles

A

Systole

92
Q

Relaxation of heart muscles

A

Diastole

93
Q

total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

A

End-diastolic volume

94
Q

the amount of blood left in the left ventricle after systole (1/3 of the end-diastolic volume)

A

End-systolic volume

95
Q

isovolumetric contraction

A

Ventricles begin contraction, pressure rises, and AV valves close (lub)

96
Q

After isovolumetric contraction,

A

pressure builds, semilunar valves open, blood is ejected into arteries

97
Q

After blood is ejected into arteries,

A

Pressure in ventricles falls; semilunar valves close (dub); isovolumetric relaxation

98
Q

slight inflection in pressure during isovolumetric relaxation

A

Dicrotic notch

99
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are interconnected by gap junctions called

A

Intercalated discs

100
Q

The area of the heart that contracts from one stimulation event is called a

A

myocardium or functional syncytium

101
Q

automatic nature of the heartbeat

A

Automaticity

102
Q

is the “pacemaker”; located in right atrium

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

103
Q

secondary pacemakers (ectopic pacemakers); slower rate than the “sinus rhythm”

A

AV node and Purkinje fibers

104
Q

Slow spontaneous depolarization after a rapid hyperpolarization

A

Pacemaker potential (diastolic depolarization)

105
Q

At -40mV, what happens

A

Ca2+ gated channels open, triggering contraction

106
Q

Repolarization occurs with the opening of voltage-gated

A

K+ channels

107
Q

HCN channels

A

Speeds heart rate due to increased Na+

108
Q

Parasympathetic releases acetylcholine which,

A

opens K+ channels to slow the heart rate

109
Q

Cardiac muscle cells have a resting potential of

A

-85 mV

110
Q

ECG atrial depolarization

A

P wave

111
Q

ECG atrial systole

A

P-Q interval

112
Q

ECG ventricular depolarization

A

QRS wave

113
Q

ECG plateau phase, ventricular systole

A

S-T segment

114
Q

ECG ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

115
Q

Lead I

A

Between right arm and left arm

116
Q

Lead II

A

between right arm and left leg

117
Q

Lead III

A

Between left arm and left leg

118
Q

AVR Lead

A

Right arm VS Left arm and Left leg

119
Q

AVL Lead

A

Left arm VS Right arm and Left foot

120
Q

AVF Lead

A

Left leg VS Right arm and Left Arm

121
Q

“Lub” occurs after

A

The QRS wave as the AV valve closes

122
Q

“Dub” occurs at the beginning

A

T wave as SL valve closes

123
Q

abnormal patterns of electrical activity that result in abnormalities of the heartbeat

A

Arrhythmias

124
Q

Group 1 Arrhythmia drugs

A

drugs that block the fast Na+ channels (quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine)

125
Q

Group 2 Arrhythmia drugs

A

drugs are beta-blockers (propranolol, atenolol)

126
Q

Group 3 Arrhythmia drugs

A

drugs block K+ channels (amiodarone)

127
Q

Group 4 Arrhythmia drugs

A

drugs block the slow Ca2+ channels (verapamil, diltiazem)

128
Q

inner layer; composed of simple squamous endothelium on a basement membrane and elastic fibers

A

Tunica interna

129
Q

middle layer; composed of smooth muscle tissue

A

tunica media

130
Q

outer layer; composed of connective tissue

A

tunica externa

131
Q

Arteries closer to the heart; allow stretch as blood is pumped into them and recoil when ventricles relax

A

Elastic arteries

132
Q

Arteries farther from the heart; have more smooth muscle in proportion to diameter; also have more resistance due to smaller lumina

A

Muscular arteries

133
Q

Arteries 20 to 30 µm in diameter; provide the greatest resistance; control blood flow through the capillaries

A

Arterioles

134
Q

blood flow to capillaries is regulated by

A

vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles

precapillary sphincters

135
Q

Capillaries Adjacent cells are close together; found in muscles, adipose tissue, and central nervous system (add to blood-brain barrier)

A

Continuous capillaries

136
Q

Capillaries have pores in vessel wall; found in kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands

A

Fenestrated capillaries

137
Q

Capillaries have gaps between cells; found in bone marrow, liver, and spleen; allow the passage of protein

A

Discontinuous capillaries

138
Q

Ensure one-directional flow of blood returning to heart

A

Venous valves

139
Q

Muscle surrounding the veins to help pump blood

A

Skeletal muscle pumps

140
Q

carry cholesterol to arteries

A

Low density lipoprotein (bad)

141
Q

carry cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver for metabolism

A

High density lipoprotein (good)

142
Q

better predictor for atherosclerosis than LDL levels

A

C-reactive proteins

143
Q

condition characterized by inadequate oxygen due to reduced blood flow

A

Ischemia

144
Q

Common cause for ischemia

A

Atherosclerosis

145
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Referred pain due to increase build up of lactic acid due to ischemia

146
Q

Ischemia leads to necrosis in some parts of the heart which leads to

A

Myocardial infarction (heart attack or MI)

147
Q

Detecting ischemia

A 
Depression of S-T on ECG.
Plasma concentration of blood enzymes. 
Creatine phosphokinase.
Lactate dehydrogenase.
Troponin I (sensitive).
Troponin T.
148
Q

slow heart rate, below 60 bpm is called

A

bradycardia

149
Q

fast heart rate, above 100 bpm

A

tachycardia

150
Q

AV Node Block

A

Damage to the AV node can be seen in changes in the P-R interval of an ECG

151
Q

AV Node Block First Degree

A

Impulse conduction exceeds 0.2 secs.

152
Q

AV Node Block Second Degree

A

Not every electrical wave can pass to ventricles

153
Q

AV Node Block Third/Complete Degree

A

No stimulation gets through. A pacemaker in the Purkinje fibers takes over, but this is slow (20 to 40 bpm).

154
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic System

A

Transports excess interstitial fluid (lymph) from tissues to the veins.
Produces and houses lymphocytes for the immune response.
Transports absorbed fats from intestines to blood.

155
Q

formed from merging lymphatic capillaries

A

Lymphatic ducts: lymph is filtered through lymph nodes

156
Q

smallest lymphatic vessel; found within most organs

A

Lymphatic capillaries: Interstitial fluids, proteins, microorganisms, and fats can enter.

157
Q

Lymph is delivered to what veins

A

Left and right subclavian veins

158
Q

the volume of blood pumped each minute by each ventricle is called

A

Cardiac output

159
Q

Cardiac output =

A

stroke volume x heart rate

160
Q

Spontaneous depolarization occurs at SA node when

A

HCN channels open, allowing Na+ in

161
Q

Sympathetic norepinephrine and adrenal epinephrine keep HCN channels open

A

Increasing heart rate

162
Q

Parasympathetic acetylcholine opens K+ channels

A

Slowing heart rate

163
Q

Spontaneous depolarization occurs at SA node and is controlled by

A

cardiac center of medulla oblongata that is affected by higher brain centers

164
Q

Positive chronotropic effect

A

Increases rate

165
Q

Negative chronotropic effect

A

Decreases rate

166
Q

Stroke volume increases with increased (2)

A

EDV and contractility

167
Q

Stroke volume regulated by

A

EDV, arterial blood pressure, contractility

168
Q

Arterial blood pressure is inversely related to

A

stroke volume

169
Q

Strength of ventricular contraction

A

contractility

170
Q

How much of the EDV is normally ejected

A

60%, Ejection fraction

171
Q

Frank-Starling Law of the Heart

A

Increased EDV results in increased contractility and thus increased stroke volume

172
Q

myocardial stretch

A

Increased EDV stretches the myocardium, which increases contraction strength.
Due to increased myosin and actin overlap and increased sensitivity to Ca2+ in cardiac muscle cells.

173
Q

Increased peripheral resistance will decrease

A

Stroke volume

174
Q

2/3 of our body water is found in

A

the cells

175
Q

of remaining 1/3 of water, 80% is found in and 20% in

A

Intersitial and blood plasma

176
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid outside the capillaries

177
Q

Combination of hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure that predicts movement of fluid across capillary membranes

A

Starling forces

178
Q

(pc + πi) - (pi + πp); (fluid out)-(fluid in)

A

fluid movement

179
Q

predict the movement of fluid out of the capillaries at the arteriole end (positive value) and into the capillaries at the venule end (negative value)

A

Starling forces

180
Q

Excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid

A

Edema

181
Q

Causes of edema (6)

A

High arterial blood pressure
Venous obstruction
Leakage of plasma proteins into interstitial space
Myxedema (excessive production of mucin in extracellular spaces caused by hypothyroidism)
Decreased plasma protein concentration
Obstruction of lymphatic drainage

182
Q

Capillaries in the kidneys are called

A

Glomeruli

183
Q

Kidney arterioles dilate

A

increasing blood flow and increases urine production that will decrease blood volume

184
Q

ADH is produced where

A

Hypothalamus and released in the post pituitary

185
Q

Secreted by adrenal cortex indirectly when blood volume and pressure are reduced

A

Aldosterone

186
Q

Stimulates reabsorption of salt and water in kidneys

A

Aldosterone

187
Q

When blood pressure is low, cells in the kidneys (juxtaglomerular apparatus) secrete the enzyme

A

Renin

188
Q

Arterial blood pressure =

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

ZHuman Physiology (6 decks)

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