Unit 4 List 1 Evolution AKT Flashcards
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the study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life
biogeography
the study of development of an embryo from the stage of ovum fertilization through to the fetal stage
embryology
the use of molecular biology techniques to study the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms, providing crucial insights into evolutionary relationships
biochemical evidence
features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (compare to homologous structures) and which evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge
analogous structure
the process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment
adaptation
Early stage in the development of humans and other animals or plants
embryo
an assortment of organisms of a species that live in the same place at the same time and interbreed
population
Ancestral organism shared by two or more descendent lineages
common ancestry
rocks formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms
sedimentary layers
process in which an organism adapts to its environment through selectively reproducing changes in its genotype
natural selection
the study of the structure of a plant or animal.
anatomy
quantitative representation of individual reproductive success
fitness
a diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms
phylogenetic tree
the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA
DNA sequencing
a specific characteristic of an individual
trait
a measure of functional redundancy within homologous gene families
phenotypic similarity
the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus
behavior
the inability of a species to breed successfully with related species due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or differences
reproductive isolation
presence of differences in sequences of genes between individual organisms of a species
genetic variation
a diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor
evolutionary tree
an interaction between organisms or species in which both require a resource that is in limited supply (such as food, water, or territory)
competition
a laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge
electrophoresis
the physical separation of populations of organisms from one another due to geographical barriers
geographic isolation
a collection of fossils documenting the history of life on Earth
fossil record
the study of the history of life on Earth as based on fossils
paleontology
the observable characteristics in an organism that results from the expression of genes
phenotypic expression
an organ, system, or body part that shares a common ancestry in multiple organisms
homologous structure
the process of identifying the arrangement of amino acids in proteins and peptides
amino acid sequencing
the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor
descent with modification
how a new kind of plant or animal species is created
speciation
the process by which individuals compete for access to mates and fertilization opportunities
sexual selection
the history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms
phylogeny
the combination of all the genes (including alleles) present in a reproducing population or species
gene pool
the study of the size, shape, and structure of animals, plants, and microorganisms and of the relationships of their constituent parts
morphology
a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.
cladogram
a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring
species
the study of how the human body works
physiology
similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor
homology
features of an organism that are considered to have lost much or all of their original function through evolution
vestigial structures
the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution.
coevolution
when organisms that aren’t closely related evolve similar features or behaviours
convergent evolution
the development of dissimilar traits or features
divergent evolution
the reduced genetic diversity which results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors.
founder effect
any movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another
gene flow
the ratio of a particular allele to the total of all other alleles of the same gene in a given population.
gene frequency
the stock of different genes in an interbreeding population.
gene pool
the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance
genetic drift
the entirety of the layers of rock strata
geologic record
