UNIT 1 LIST 2 CELL ENERGY AKT Flashcards
an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon dioxide, or other chemicals
autotroph
the first stage of photosynthesis process in which solar energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH
light reaction
the photosynthetic pigment found in all green plants
chlorophyll
the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy
photosynthesis
a process that plants and algae use to turn carbon dioxide from air into sugar, the food autotrophs need to grow
Calvin cycle
a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation
Electron Transport Chain
the product of the first level of photosynthesis; helps to fuel the reactions that occur in the second stage of the process of photosynthesis
NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Hydrogen)
the gel-like material in the mitochondria, or organelle that performs the process of aerobic respiration, that contains ribosomes resembling those of bacteria
mitochondrial matrix
a chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars)
aerobic respiration
the process in which a substance breaks down into a simpler substance
fermentation
a coenzyme molecule involved in a number of important biological processes such as the transport of high-energy electrons for the production of ATP via aerobic respiration
NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)
a biological model wherein the sugar gets transformed into carbon dioxide and alcohol
alcoholic fermentation
the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy
glycolysis
any colored material found in a plant or animal cell
pigment
a coin-shaped stack of thylakoids, which are the membrane-like structures found inside chloroplasts of plant cells
granum
a pore or aperture surrounded by two guard cells that allow gas exchange
stomata
the process by which plants and algae convert the carbon found in inorganic molecules in the atmosphere to produce biological building blocks and fuel for cellular respiration
carbon fixation
an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy and nutrients
heterotroph
pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell
thylakoid
a class of more than 750 naturally occurring pigments synthesized by plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria
carotenoids
occurs naturally in the body and plays a role in generating energy
NADH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide + Hydrogen)
type of cellular respiration that does not use oxygen to produce energy
anaerobic respiration
a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP
cellular respiration
A series of reactions catalyzed by seven enzymes in the mitochondria to remove electrons from nutrients
Krebs Cycle
a colorless organic liquid formed by the breakdown of carbohydrates and sugars during cell metabolism
pyruvic acid
a tricarboxylic acid that is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms; its role is a food acidity regulator, a chelator, an antimicrobial agent and a fundamental metabolite
citric acid
the source of energy for use and storage at cellular level
ATP
a biological molecule consisting of one adenine, one sugar, and two phosphates; most important role is to be combined with a phosphate molecule to create ATP
ADP
