Unit 3 List 2 DNA & Heredity AKT Flashcards
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
allele
the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.
centromere
each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA.
chromatid
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
chromosome
A table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids.
codon chart
a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up
crossing over
the cells that are formed after cell division
daughter cell
A type of genetic change that involves the absence of a segment of DNA.
deletion
the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism’s cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair.
diploid
the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism.
DNA
The process by which two gametes (reproductive cells having a single, haploid set of chromosomes) fuse to become a zygote, which develops into a new organism
fertilization
a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read
frameshift
a reproductive cell of an animal or plant
gamete
The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child
gene
a change to a gene’s DNA sequence to produce something different
gene mutation
the instructions contained in a gene that tell a cell how to make a specific protein
genetic code
the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species
genetic variation
a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
haploid
a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during fertilization
homologous chromosome
describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop
independent assortment
a type of mutation that involves the addition of one or more nucleotides into a segment of DNA
insertion
a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells
meiosis
a type of cell division unique to germ cells
meiosis I
a mitotic division of each of the haploid cells produced in meiosis I
meiosis II
the absence of one member of a pair of chromosomes
monosomy
a chemical or physical agent capable of inducing changes in DNA called mutations
mutagen
an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA
mutation
the failure of the chromosomes to separate, which produces daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes
nondisjunction
the young creation of living organisms, produced either by sexual or asexual reproduction
offspring
A cell that is the source of other cells, as a cell that divides to produce two or more daughter cells, or a stem cell that is a progenitor of other cells or is the first in a line of developing cells
parent cell
A genetic alteration caused by the substitution of a single nucleotide for another nucleotide
point mutation
the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecule
replication
the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes
sexual reproduction
the cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells
somatic cell
a type of mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced by a different nucleotide
substitution
The presence of an extra chromosome in some or all of the body’s cells
trisomy
a specific characteristic of an individual
trait
