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Biology H Allyson Tan > Unit 3 List 1 DNA & Heredity > Flashcards

Unit 3 List 1 DNA & Heredity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

molecules that combine to form proteins

A

amino acid

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1
Q

a compound that is one of the four bases of nucleic acids; is paired with thymine

A

adenine

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2
Q

a trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is complementary to a corresponding codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence

A

anticodon

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3
Q

a classification used to identify cells that share morphological or phenotypical features.

A

cell types

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4
Q

the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one

A

cell differentiation

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5
Q

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes

A

chromosome

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6
Q

a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

A

codon

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7
Q

the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

a compound found in living tissues as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.

A

cytosine

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9
Q

a sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen

A

deoxyribose

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10
Q

a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix; this polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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11
Q

a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, especially that in the structure of the DNA molecule

A

double helix

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12
Q

an organelle found in both animal and plant cells; main function of this organelle is to produce cellular products such as hormones and lipids

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

a series of connected flattened sacs, part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

Proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions; the molecules upon which these proteins act upon are called substrates, and they convert substrates into different molecules known as products

A

enzyme

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15
Q

a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport

A

golgi apparatus

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16
Q

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristics of the offspring

A

gene

17
Q

A chemical compound that is one of the four nitrogen bases that make up the building blocks of DNA and RNA. It is a purine and pairs with cytosine

A

guanine

18
Q

an interaction in which a hydrogen atom bridges two electronegative atoms (usually nitrogen or oxygen); holds two strands of a DNA helix together

A

hydrogen bond

19
Q

a molecule that contains the instructions or recipe that directs the cells to make a protein using its natural machinery; messenger

A

mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid)

20
Q

any change in the DNA sequence of a cell

A

mutation

21
Q

a molecule that contains nitrogen and has the chemical properties of a base; for DNA, it is adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; for RNA, it is adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

A

nitrogenous base

22
Q

a double layer that encloses the cell’s nucleus, where the chromosome’s reside

A

nuclear membrane

23
Q

large biomolecules that play essential roles in all cells and viruses; major function involves the storage and expression of genomic information

A

nucleic acid

24
Q

the basic building block of nucleic acids; monomer of nucleic acid

A

nucleotide

25
Q

the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes

A

nucleus

26
Q

a covalent bond that links amino acids together to form a protein

A

peptide bond

27
Q

a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms

A

phosphate group

28
Q

a chain of amino acids

A

polypeptide

29
Q

the process that cells use to create proteins

A

protein synthesis

30
Q

a sugar that forms the backbone of ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

ribose

31
Q

a structure found inside cells that is involved in making proteins

A

ribosome

32
Q

a molecule that is present in the majority of living things and viruses; copy/transcription of DNA; its nitrogenous bases are adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine

A

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

33
Q

molecules in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome and that is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in mRNA into protein

A

rRNA

34
Q

the initial set of codons in an mRNA transcript that is translated by a ribosome

A

start codon

35
Q

a codon that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein

A

stop codon

36
Q

a pyrimidine that is ONLY found in DNA and pairs with adenine; stabilizes nucleic acid structures

A

thymine

37
Q

the process by which a cell makes an RNA copy of a piece of DNA

A

transcription

38
Q

the process by which a cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

translation

39
Q

a type of RNA that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein

A

tRNA

40
Q

a chemical compound that is used to make one of the building blocks of RNA and is a type of pyrimidine; ONLY found in RNA

A

uracil

41
Q

a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer.

A

vesicle

Biology H Allyson Tan (7 decks)

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