Unit. 4: Human Development Across the Lifespan

Question 1

Accommodation

Answer 1

The act of changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences.

Question 2

Age of Viability

Answer 2

The age at which a baby can survive.

Question 3

Assimilation

Answer 3

The cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive understanding. / Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them.

Question 4

Attachment

Answer 4

Close, emotional bonds of affection developed between infants and their caregivers.

Question 5

Centration

Answer 5

Tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem & neglecting important aspects.

Question 6

Childhood Cognitive Development

Answer 6

Transitions in children’s pattern of thinking, including reading, remembering, & problem solving.

Question 7

Cohort effects

Answer 7

When differences in studies can be because groups grew up in different time periods. EX.) To unbiasedly compare 20, 40, & 60 year old’s researcher would have to take into account the different time periods they grew up, some grew up through the women’s movement & so on. Such things have influence over individuals.

Question 8

Conservation

Answer 8

The awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in shape or appearance.

Question 9

Cross-sectional design

Answer 9

Investigators compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point in time.

Question 10

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 10

The application of accumulated knowledge.

Question 11

Dementia

Answer 11

An abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment.

Question 12

Development

Answer 12

The sequence of age-related changes that occur between conception & death.

Question 13

Developmental Norms

Answer 13

Average age at which individuals display various behaviour & abilities.

Question 14

Habituation
&
Dishabituation

Answer 14

H-A gradual reduction in the strength of a response when a stimulus event is presented repeatedly.
Dh-A new stimulus elicits an increase in the strength of a habituated response.

Question 15

Egocentrism

Answer 15

The inability to see another view point.

*Animism: belief that all things are living.

Question 16

Embryonic Stage (development)

Answer 16

The second stage of prenatal development.
Most of vital organs & bodily systems begin to form in the developing organism.
-heart
-spine
-brain

Question 17

3 Stages of Prenatal development

Answer 17

1. Germinal stage (first 2 weeks)
2. Embryonic stage (2 weeks to 2 months)
3. Fetal stage (2 months to birth)

Question 18

Family Life Cycle

Answer 18

The sequences of stages that families tend to progress through.

Question 19

FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)

Answer 19

Congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy.

Question 20

Fetal Stage

Answer 20

3rd stage
The embryo begins to rapidly grow into the fetus, developing major body parts & movement. 
-bones
-sex organs
-*age of viability

Question 21

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 21

Basic information-processing skills

Question 22

Gender

Answer 22

Refers to culturally constructed distinctions between femininity & masculinity.

Question 23

Gender Differences

Answer 23

differences between the sexes in typical behaviour\average ability.

Question 24

Gender Roles

Answer 24

Expectations of what is appropriate behaviour for each sex based on societal norms.

Question 25

Gender Stereotypes

Answer 25

Widely held beliefs about females & males abilities, personalities, social behaviours.

Question 26

Germinal Stage

Answer 26

First stage of prenatal development Zygote is created through fertilization, rapid cell division begins creating a mass of multiplying cells. -zygote

Question 27

Irreversibility

Answer 27

The inability to envision reversing an action, or undoing something is incomprehensible.

Question 28

Longitudinal Design

Answer 28

Investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time.

Question 29

Maturation

Answer 29

The development that reflects gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint

Question 30

Menarche

Answer 30

The first occurrence of menstruation.

Question 31

Motor Development

Answer 31

The profession of muscular coordination required for physical activities.

Question 32

Object Permeance

Answer 32

The understanding that an object exists even when it is not seen.

Question 33

Placenta

Answer 33

A structure that allows oxygen & nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mothers blood stream, then the bodily wastes to pass out to the mother.

Question 34

Prenatal Period

Answer 34

The period of conception to birth for a child, usually 9 months.

Question 35

Primary Sex Characteristics

Answer 35

Sex characteristics needed for reproduction, develop during the puberty stage.

Question 36

Puberty

Answer 36

Sexual functions reach maturity & marks the beginning of adolescences.

Question 37

Pubescence

Answer 37

Two year span preceding puberty, during which the changes leading to physical & sexual maturity take place.

Question 38

Secondary Sex characteristics

Answer 38

Physical features that distinguish one sex from another. | *not essential for reproduction.

Question 39

Sex

Answer 39

The biological based categories of female & male.

Question 40

Scaffolding

Answer 40

When the assistance provided to a child is adjusted as learning progresses.

Question 41

Socialization

Answer 41

The acquisition of the norms & behaviours expected of people in a particular society.

Question 42

Stage

Answer 42

The developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behaviours are exhibited & certain capacities become established.

Question 43

Temperament

Answer 43

Characteristics mood, activity level, & emotional reactivity.

Question 44

Teratogens

Answer 44

External agents, such as drugs/viruses, that can harm an embryo/fetus.

Question 45

Zone of proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 45

The gap between what a learner can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the guidance of a skilled partner.

Question 46

Zygote

Answer 46

A once celled organism formed by the union of a sperm & an egg.

Question 47

Erik Erikson

Answer 47

Personality Development

Question 48

Jean Piaget

Answer 48

Cognitive theory

Question 49

Albert Thomas & Stella Chess

Answer 49

Longitudinal studies of the development of temperament.

Question 50

Personality Development childhood vs. adulthood (Erickson's 7 stages)

Answer 50

``` Child: 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority Adulthood: 1.Early adulthood *intimacy vs. isolation 2.Middle adulthood *generativity vs. self-absorption 3.Late adulthood *integrity vs. despair ```

Question 51

Physiological & Neural changes (Adulthood)

Answer 51

- Depression may occur (death) - Loss of hearing/vision - Menopause - Dementia - Cognitive abilities seem to just slow down

Question 52

Physiological & Neural Development (Adolescence)

Answer 52

- Puberty - Prefrontal Cortex develops (front of brain) - White & Grey matter in brain

Question 53

Family Transitions

Answer 53

- Marriage - Parenthood - Empty Nest

Question 54

What are the 5 Key themes present in this chapter

Answer 54

2. Psychology is theoretically diverse. 3. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context 6. Hereditary & Environment jointly influence behaviour 4. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes 5. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage