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PSYCH 290 > Unit. 4: Human Development Across the Lifespan > Flashcards

Unit. 4: Human Development Across the Lifespan Flashcards

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1
Q

Accommodation

A

The act of changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences.

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2
Q

Age of Viability

A

The age at which a baby can survive.

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

The cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive understanding. / Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them.

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4
Q

Attachment

A

Close, emotional bonds of affection developed between infants and their caregivers.

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5
Q

Centration

A

Tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem & neglecting important aspects.

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6
Q

Childhood Cognitive Development

A

Transitions in children’s pattern of thinking, including reading, remembering, & problem solving.

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7
Q

Cohort effects

A

When differences in studies can be because groups grew up in different time periods. EX.) To unbiasedly compare 20, 40, & 60 year old’s researcher would have to take into account the different time periods they grew up, some grew up through the women’s movement & so on. Such things have influence over individuals.

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8
Q

Conservation

A

The awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in shape or appearance.

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9
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

Investigators compare groups of participants of differing age at a single point in time.

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10
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

The application of accumulated knowledge.

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11
Q

Dementia

A

An abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive deficits that include memory impairment.

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12
Q

Development

A

The sequence of age-related changes that occur between conception & death.

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13
Q

Developmental Norms

A

Average age at which individuals display various behaviour & abilities.

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14
Q

Habituation
&
Dishabituation

A

H-A gradual reduction in the strength of a response when a stimulus event is presented repeatedly.
Dh-A new stimulus elicits an increase in the strength of a habituated response.

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15
Q

Egocentrism

A

The inability to see another view point.

*Animism: belief that all things are living.

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16
Q

Embryonic Stage (development)

A

The second stage of prenatal development.
Most of vital organs & bodily systems begin to form in the developing organism.
-heart
-spine
-brain

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17
Q

3 Stages of Prenatal development

A
  1. Germinal stage (first 2 weeks)
  2. Embryonic stage (2 weeks to 2 months)
  3. Fetal stage (2 months to birth)
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18
Q

Family Life Cycle

A

The sequences of stages that families tend to progress through.

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19
Q

FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)

A

Congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy.

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20
Q

Fetal Stage

A 
3rd stage
The embryo begins to rapidly grow into the fetus, developing major body parts & movement. 
-bones
-sex organs
-*age of viability
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21
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

Basic information-processing skills

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22
Q

Gender

A

Refers to culturally constructed distinctions between femininity & masculinity.

23
Q

Gender Differences

A

differences between the sexes in typical behaviour\average ability.

24
Q

Gender Roles

A

Expectations of what is appropriate behaviour for each sex based on societal norms.

25
Q

Gender Stereotypes

A

Widely held beliefs about females & males abilities, personalities, social behaviours.

26
Q

Germinal Stage

A

First stage of prenatal development
Zygote is created through fertilization, rapid cell division begins creating a mass of multiplying cells.
-zygote

27
Q

Irreversibility

A

The inability to envision reversing an action, or undoing something is incomprehensible.

28
Q

Longitudinal Design

A

Investigators observe one group of participants repeatedly over a period of time.

29
Q

Maturation

A

The development that reflects gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint

30
Q

Menarche

A

The first occurrence of menstruation.

31
Q

Motor Development

A

The profession of muscular coordination required for physical activities.

32
Q

Object Permeance

A

The understanding that an object exists even when it is not seen.

33
Q

Placenta

A

A structure that allows oxygen & nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mothers blood stream, then the bodily wastes to pass out to the mother.

34
Q

Prenatal Period

A

The period of conception to birth for a child, usually 9 months.

35
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

Sex characteristics needed for reproduction, develop during the puberty stage.

36
Q

Puberty

A

Sexual functions reach maturity & marks the beginning of adolescences.

37
Q

Pubescence

A

Two year span preceding puberty, during which the changes leading to physical & sexual maturity take place.

38
Q

Secondary Sex characteristics

A

Physical features that distinguish one sex from another.

*not essential for reproduction.

39
Q

Sex

A

The biological based categories of female & male.

40
Q

Scaffolding

A

When the assistance provided to a child is adjusted as learning progresses.

41
Q

Socialization

A

The acquisition of the norms & behaviours expected of people in a particular society.

42
Q

Stage

A

The developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behaviours are exhibited & certain capacities become established.

43
Q

Temperament

A

Characteristics mood, activity level, & emotional reactivity.

44
Q

Teratogens

A

External agents, such as drugs/viruses, that can harm an embryo/fetus.

45
Q

Zone of proximal Development (ZPD)

A

The gap between what a learner can accomplish on their own and what they can accomplish with the guidance of a skilled partner.

46
Q

Zygote

A

A once celled organism formed by the union of a sperm & an egg.

47
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Personality Development

48
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Cognitive theory

49
Q

Albert Thomas & Stella Chess

A

Longitudinal studies of the development of temperament.

50
Q

Personality Development childhood vs. adulthood (Erickson’s 7 stages)

A 
Child:
1. Trust vs. Mistrust 
2. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority 
Adulthood: 
1.Early adulthood *intimacy vs. isolation
2.Middle adulthood *generativity vs. self-absorption 
3.Late adulthood *integrity vs. despair
51
Q

Physiological & Neural changes (Adulthood)

A
  • Depression may occur (death)
  • Loss of hearing/vision
  • Menopause
  • Dementia
  • Cognitive abilities seem to just slow down
52
Q

Physiological & Neural Development (Adolescence)

A
  • Puberty
  • Prefrontal Cortex develops (front of brain)
  • White & Grey matter in brain
53
Q

Family Transitions

A
  • Marriage
  • Parenthood
  • Empty Nest
54
Q

What are the 5 Key themes present in this chapter

A
  1. Psychology is theoretically diverse.
  2. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
  3. Hereditary & Environment jointly influence behaviour
  4. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes
  5. Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage

PSYCH 290 (6 decks)

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