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PSYCH 290 > Unit. 3: Motivation & Emotion > Flashcards

Unit. 3: Motivation & Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Affective Forecasting

A

Effort to predicts ones emotional reaction to future events.

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2
Q

Achievement Motive

A

Need to master a skill in order to outperform others, reach excellence.

  • TAT
  • influenced by fear of failure
  • goals increase when probability of success is high
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3
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Found in the limbic system of the brain which controls emotions
  • LeDoux’s research supported the idea that it controlled the response of FEAR
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4
Q

Argument

A

One or more premises used to provide support to a conclusion.

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5
Q

Assumptions

A

Premises for which no proof/evidence is provided.

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6
Q

Bisexual

A

Action of seeking emotional/sexual relationship with either sex.

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7
Q

BMI (body mass index)

A

Individuals weight (kg) divided by their height (meters) squared

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8
Q

Drive

A

Internal tension that motivates an organism to engage in activity to reduce said tension.

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9
Q

Emotion

A

A subjective conscious experience accompanied by bodily arousal & overt expression.

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10
Q

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

A

Our facial muscles send signals to the brain, which then is recognized by the brain and exerted an an emotion. This is why smiling can literally make you feel happier.

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11
Q

GSR (galvanic skin response)

A

An increase in electrical conductivity of the skin when sweat glands increase their activity,

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12
Q

Glucose

A

A s simple sugar that is a source of energy.

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13
Q

Ghrelin

A

Secreted after going without food for awhile, causes contraction & promotes hunger.

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14
Q

Happiness Predictors

A

Love, work, genetics, health, social activity, religion.

*key to note that these are predictors and not the only cause for happiness.

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15
Q

Hedonic Adaptation

A

The idea that the baseline in which an individual judges pleasantness/unpleasantness on a mental scale changes.

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16
Q

Heterosexual

A

Action to seek emotional/sexual relationship with opposite sex.

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17
Q

Homeostasis

A

A state of physiological equilibrium/stability.

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18
Q

Homosexual

A

Action to seek emotional/sexual relationship with the same sex.

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The limbic system of the brain, controls certain aspects of emotion.

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20
Q

Incentive

A

External goal that can motivate behaviour

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21
Q

Leptin

A

Produced by fat cells throughout the body, released into the bloodstream

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22
Q

Motivation

A

Goal directed behaviour

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23
Q

Obesity

A

The condition of being overweight

24
Q

Orgasm

A

Sexual arousal reaches peak intensity. Discharge in a series of muscular contractions pulsating through the pelvic area.

25
Q

Polygraph

A

Device that records autonomic fluctuation while a subject is questioned

26
Q

Premises

A

Reasons that are presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true.

27
Q

Set-point Theory

A

The bodies ability to monitor fat-levels to keep fat (weight) fairly stable

28
Q

Settling Point Theory

A

Weight drifts around the level where food consumption & energy expenditure meets an equilibrium

29
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

A person preference for emotion/sexual relationships with either same sex, opposite, or both.
*sexual orientation is described as continuous scale that is ever changing
Environmental theories: individuals “learn” to be gay. *not supported by research
Biological theories: research has shown differences in brain makeup of sexual orientation, twin studies has also provided evidence to support these theory’s

30
Q

Subjective Well-being

A

An individuals self perception of their overall happiness & life satisfaction.

31
Q

Vasocongestion

A

Engorgement of blood vessels. RE sexual response

32
Q

John Atkinson

A

“One’s pursuit of achievement in a particular situation is based on multiple factors”

33
Q

David Buss

A

Conducted research in pornography & it’s influence on society.

34
Q

Joseph LeDoux

A

His research on the AMYGDALA (limbic system) theorized it’s purpose was focused around the fear response, in which a message is sent on the fast pathway triggering autonomic arousal.

35
Q

What are the 3 main Theories of Motivation

A
  • Drive Theory
  • Incentive Theory
  • Evolutionary Theory
36
Q

What are the 2 main motivations of Hunger

A

Biological & Environmental

37
Q

Biological factors regulating hunger

A
  • Brain regulation
  • Digestive & Glucose regulation
  • Hormonal regulation
38
Q

Hormonal Regulation (FOOD)

A
  • Insulin: present so cells can extract glucose from the blood *promoting hunger
  • Ghrelin: produced due to going without food *promoting hunger
  • CCK: After food is consumed the upper intestine releases this hormone *causing satiety
  • Leptin: created by fat cells, higher levels of fat create more leptin, diminishes hunger feeling
39
Q

Glucose & Digestive Regulation (FOOD)

A

Low glucose levels will increase hunger

High glucose levels will decrease hunger

40
Q

Brain regulation in regulating hunger

A
  • Lateral & ventromedial (stop-eating)
  • Arcuate (hunger & fullness)
  • Paraventricular nucleus *located in the hypothalamus (regulates hunger)
41
Q

Environmental Factors regulating hunger

A
  • Food availability & Cues
  • Learned Preference & Habit
  • Stress eating
42
Q

Food availability & Cues (HUNGER) PQVP

A
  • Palatability (better the food taste’s the more eaten)
  • Quantity Available (more food placed out will enact higher food intake)
  • Variety (wanting to try all the different flavours tends increase intake of food)
  • Presence of others (tend to eat more around others)
43
Q

Learned Preference & Habit (HUNGER)

A
  • Cultural differences

- Conditioning

44
Q

Evolutionary Analyses RE: Sexual Motivation

A
  • Parental investment theory
  • males will tend to be less picky with who and how many partners due to their lack of responsibility in the offspring
  • women tend to be more picky as they have more immediate responsibility with offspring. (9 months of pregnancy)
45
Q

Human Sexual Response (E. P. O. R)

A

Excitement: quick arousal, heightened senses
Plateau: slower arousal speed, natural fluctuation
Orgasm: peak arousal leading to contraction of pelvic floor muscles
Resolution: physiological changes subside, men experience a refractory period

46
Q

3 Components of Emotion (B.C.P)

A
  • Behavioural
  • Cognitive
  • Physiological
47
Q

Cognitive Component of Emotion

A

Emotions are things that happen to us rather than things we will to occur
*emotions are hard to predict & regulate

48
Q

Physiological Component of Emotion

A

Autonomic Arousal

-Joseph LeDoux: amygdala lies at the core of a complex set of neural circuits that process emotion

49
Q

Behavioural Component of Emotion

A

Emotions are revealed through body language

-facial expressions are wired into the brain, not learned behaviour

50
Q

4 Theoretical Views on Emotion (J, C, T, E)

A
  • James-Lang: different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions.
  • Cannon-Bard: emotions originate in the subcortical areas of the brain
  • Two-Factor: infer emotion from autonomic arousal & label it in accordance with a cognitive explanation for the arousal
  • Evolutionary: emotions are innate reactions that do not depend on cognitive processes
51
Q

Cultural Consideration on Emotion

A
  • similar in facial expression (behavioural)

- different in experience (cognitive)

52
Q

What are the 5 Key themes relevant in this chapter

A

Theme 2: Psychology is theoretically diverse
Theme 3: Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
Theme 6: Heredity & environment jointly influence behaviour
Theme 4: Behaviour is determined by multiples causes
Theme 5: Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage

53
Q

Evolutionary Theory (motivation)

A

Motivation is driven by natural selection, adaptability due to reproductive fitness

54
Q

Intrinsic V.S Extrinsic

A

Intrinsic: Motivated to do something because you internally want to
Extrinsic: Motivated to do something because of external factor such as reward or fear of punishment.

55
Q

4 stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)

A
  1. Sensorimotor: Babies ability to coordinate sensory input with motor actions
  2. Preoperational: Young children improve mental imagery, flawed in operations such as- Conservation, Centration, Egocentrism, Irreversibility.
  3. Concrete Operational: Mental imagery turns into operations and problems in previous period become understood
  4. Formal Operational: Operations in previous period that have been understood can now be applied to abstract concepts.

PSYCH 290 (6 decks)

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