Unit. 3: Motivation & Emotion Flashcards
Affective Forecasting
Effort to predicts ones emotional reaction to future events.
Achievement Motive
Need to master a skill in order to outperform others, reach excellence.
- TAT
- influenced by fear of failure
- goals increase when probability of success is high
Amygdala
- Found in the limbic system of the brain which controls emotions
- LeDoux’s research supported the idea that it controlled the response of FEAR
Argument
One or more premises used to provide support to a conclusion.
Assumptions
Premises for which no proof/evidence is provided.
Bisexual
Action of seeking emotional/sexual relationship with either sex.
BMI (body mass index)
Individuals weight (kg) divided by their height (meters) squared
Drive
Internal tension that motivates an organism to engage in activity to reduce said tension.
Emotion
A subjective conscious experience accompanied by bodily arousal & overt expression.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Our facial muscles send signals to the brain, which then is recognized by the brain and exerted an an emotion. This is why smiling can literally make you feel happier.
GSR (galvanic skin response)
An increase in electrical conductivity of the skin when sweat glands increase their activity,
Glucose
A s simple sugar that is a source of energy.
Ghrelin
Secreted after going without food for awhile, causes contraction & promotes hunger.
Happiness Predictors
Love, work, genetics, health, social activity, religion.
*key to note that these are predictors and not the only cause for happiness.
Hedonic Adaptation
The idea that the baseline in which an individual judges pleasantness/unpleasantness on a mental scale changes.
Heterosexual
Action to seek emotional/sexual relationship with opposite sex.
Homeostasis
A state of physiological equilibrium/stability.
Homosexual
Action to seek emotional/sexual relationship with the same sex.
Hypothalamus
The limbic system of the brain, controls certain aspects of emotion.
Incentive
External goal that can motivate behaviour
Leptin
Produced by fat cells throughout the body, released into the bloodstream
Motivation
Goal directed behaviour
Obesity
The condition of being overweight
Orgasm
Sexual arousal reaches peak intensity. Discharge in a series of muscular contractions pulsating through the pelvic area.
Polygraph
Device that records autonomic fluctuation while a subject is questioned
Premises
Reasons that are presented to persuade someone that a conclusion is true or probably true.
Set-point Theory
The bodies ability to monitor fat-levels to keep fat (weight) fairly stable
Settling Point Theory
Weight drifts around the level where food consumption & energy expenditure meets an equilibrium
Sexual Orientation
A person preference for emotion/sexual relationships with either same sex, opposite, or both.
*sexual orientation is described as continuous scale that is ever changing
Environmental theories: individuals “learn” to be gay. *not supported by research
Biological theories: research has shown differences in brain makeup of sexual orientation, twin studies has also provided evidence to support these theory’s
Subjective Well-being
An individuals self perception of their overall happiness & life satisfaction.
Vasocongestion
Engorgement of blood vessels. RE sexual response
John Atkinson
“One’s pursuit of achievement in a particular situation is based on multiple factors”
David Buss
Conducted research in pornography & it’s influence on society.
Joseph LeDoux
His research on the AMYGDALA (limbic system) theorized it’s purpose was focused around the fear response, in which a message is sent on the fast pathway triggering autonomic arousal.
What are the 3 main Theories of Motivation
- Drive Theory
- Incentive Theory
- Evolutionary Theory
What are the 2 main motivations of Hunger
Biological & Environmental
Biological factors regulating hunger
- Brain regulation
- Digestive & Glucose regulation
- Hormonal regulation
Hormonal Regulation (FOOD)
- Insulin: present so cells can extract glucose from the blood *promoting hunger
- Ghrelin: produced due to going without food *promoting hunger
- CCK: After food is consumed the upper intestine releases this hormone *causing satiety
- Leptin: created by fat cells, higher levels of fat create more leptin, diminishes hunger feeling
Glucose & Digestive Regulation (FOOD)
Low glucose levels will increase hunger
High glucose levels will decrease hunger
Brain regulation in regulating hunger
- Lateral & ventromedial (stop-eating)
- Arcuate (hunger & fullness)
- Paraventricular nucleus *located in the hypothalamus (regulates hunger)
Environmental Factors regulating hunger
- Food availability & Cues
- Learned Preference & Habit
- Stress eating
Food availability & Cues (HUNGER) PQVP
- Palatability (better the food taste’s the more eaten)
- Quantity Available (more food placed out will enact higher food intake)
- Variety (wanting to try all the different flavours tends increase intake of food)
- Presence of others (tend to eat more around others)
Learned Preference & Habit (HUNGER)
- Cultural differences
- Conditioning
Evolutionary Analyses RE: Sexual Motivation
- Parental investment theory
- males will tend to be less picky with who and how many partners due to their lack of responsibility in the offspring
- women tend to be more picky as they have more immediate responsibility with offspring. (9 months of pregnancy)
Human Sexual Response (E. P. O. R)
Excitement: quick arousal, heightened senses
Plateau: slower arousal speed, natural fluctuation
Orgasm: peak arousal leading to contraction of pelvic floor muscles
Resolution: physiological changes subside, men experience a refractory period
3 Components of Emotion (B.C.P)
- Behavioural
- Cognitive
- Physiological
Cognitive Component of Emotion
Emotions are things that happen to us rather than things we will to occur
*emotions are hard to predict & regulate
Physiological Component of Emotion
Autonomic Arousal
-Joseph LeDoux: amygdala lies at the core of a complex set of neural circuits that process emotion
Behavioural Component of Emotion
Emotions are revealed through body language
-facial expressions are wired into the brain, not learned behaviour
4 Theoretical Views on Emotion (J, C, T, E)
- James-Lang: different patterns of autonomic activation lead to the experience of different emotions.
- Cannon-Bard: emotions originate in the subcortical areas of the brain
- Two-Factor: infer emotion from autonomic arousal & label it in accordance with a cognitive explanation for the arousal
- Evolutionary: emotions are innate reactions that do not depend on cognitive processes
Cultural Consideration on Emotion
- similar in facial expression (behavioural)
- different in experience (cognitive)
What are the 5 Key themes relevant in this chapter
Theme 2: Psychology is theoretically diverse
Theme 3: Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
Theme 6: Heredity & environment jointly influence behaviour
Theme 4: Behaviour is determined by multiples causes
Theme 5: Behaviour is shaped by cultural heritage
Evolutionary Theory (motivation)
Motivation is driven by natural selection, adaptability due to reproductive fitness
Intrinsic V.S Extrinsic
Intrinsic: Motivated to do something because you internally want to
Extrinsic: Motivated to do something because of external factor such as reward or fear of punishment.
4 stages of Cognitive Development (Piaget)
- Sensorimotor: Babies ability to coordinate sensory input with motor actions
- Preoperational: Young children improve mental imagery, flawed in operations such as- Conservation, Centration, Egocentrism, Irreversibility.
- Concrete Operational: Mental imagery turns into operations and problems in previous period become understood
- Formal Operational: Operations in previous period that have been understood can now be applied to abstract concepts.
