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Pathophysiology > Unit 4 - Hormonal Regulation > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Hormonal Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Name the five general functions of the endocrine system

A
  1. Differentiation of reproductive and central nervous systems in fetal development
  2. Stimulation of sequential growth in development during childhood and adolescence
  3. Ordination of the male and female reproductive systems
  4. Maintenance of optimal internal environment throughout life (homeostasis)
  5. Initiation of corrective and adaptive responses in emergency (fight or flight)
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2
Q

why are hormones released?

A

to maintain communication and control

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3
Q

define the following:

  • autocrine
  • paracrine
  • endocrine
A 
autocrine = communication within the cell
paracrine = communication between local cells
endocrine = communication between remote cells
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4
Q

what are the general characteristics of all hormones?

A
  1. A specific rates and rhythms of secretion
  2. Operate within feedback systems (both positive and negative feedback)
  3. Affect only target cells with specific hormone receptors
  4. Our excreted by the kidneys or deactivated by the liver
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5
Q

characteristics of the hypothalamic pituitary system

A
  1. Contains hypothalamus, anterior and posterior pituitary
  2. Hypothalamus is located at the base of the brain and connected to the pituitary
  3. Hypothalamus secrete neuro-secratory cells that have similar electrical properties as neurons
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6
Q

describe the connections of the hypothalamus to the anterior and posterior pituitary

A

anterior pituitary - connected through hypophyseal portal blood vessels
posterior pituitary - connected via hypothalamichypophyseal tract

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7
Q

list the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that impact the pituitary

A
  1. Thyrotropin releasing hormone
  2. Gonadotropin releasing hormone
  3. Growth hormone releasing hormone
  4. Corticotropin releasing hormone
  5. Prolactin inhibiting factor
  6. Prolactin releasing factor
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8
Q

what are tropic hormones

A

tropic hormones are released by the anterior pituitary and effect physiological function on specific target organs

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9
Q

list the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary and their target organs

A
  1. growth hormone > bone and muscle
  2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone > adrenal cortex
  3. Thyroid stimulating hormone > thyroid gland
  4. Gonadotropin hormones > ovaries and testes
  5. Prolactin > memory clans
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10
Q

list of the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary and their targets

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone > kidney tubules

2. Oxytocin > uterus and memory plans

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11
Q

what is the cause of hypopituitarism?

A

usually caused by ischemia, inflammation, radiation, or congenital defect

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12
Q

list the examples of hypopituitarism discussed in class and the resulting cause of each

A

pituitary dwarfism - decrease in growth hormone

Sheehan syndrome - postpartum loss of anterior pituitary

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13
Q

treatment for hypopituitarism

A

hormone replacement therapy

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14
Q

what is the cause of hyperpituitarism?

A

usually caused by a functional adenoma

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15
Q

list the examples of hyperpituitarism discussed in class and the resulting cause of each

A

prolactinoma - most common, may cause amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and infertility
gigantism (in children)/acromegaly (in adults) - caused by an excess of growth hormone, identified by distinct enlargement of physical features that become pronounced during gross

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16
Q

treatment for hyperpituitarism

A

resection of bland and hormone replacement therapy

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17
Q

what is the cause of diabetes insipidus?

A

hyper secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or decreased response to ADH

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18
Q

list the signs and symptoms of diabetes insipidus

A

polyurea, polydipsia, dilute urine

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19
Q

what is the treatment for diabetes insipidus?

A

synthetic replacement of vasopressin

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20
Q

what is the cause for syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)?

A

hyper secretion of antidiuretic hormone, most generally from an ectopic source

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21
Q

what are the signs and symptoms for SIADH?

A

bloating, hypernatremia, with normal urine specific gravity

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22
Q

what is the treatment for SIADH?

A

correction of sodium levels, fluid restriction, and the administration of demeclocycline when fluid restriction alone is ineffective

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23
Q

list the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

A
  1. Tachycardia
  2. Palpations
  3. Weight loss
  4. Hyperactivity
  5. Heat intolerance
  6. I changes
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24
Q

list some of the diseases associated with hyperthyroidism and their characteristics

A
  1. Graves’ disease - production of anti-thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibodies
    2 toxic goiter/adenoma - functional enlarged tissue, nodular growth
  2. Struma ovarii - X topic production of thyroid hormone by ovarian teratoma
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25
Q

what is the treatment for hyperthyroidism

A

surgical removal of the thyroid gland or radioactive ablation, administration of sympathetic antagonists

26
Q

with the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism

A
  1. Bradycardia
  2. Weight gain
  3. Hypo activity
  4. Cold intolerance
27
Q

the some of the diseases associated with hypothyroidism and their characteristics

A
  1. Endemic goiter - iodine deficiency, nodular goiter, high thyroid stimulating hormone
  2. Hashimoto thyroiditis - painless gross, production of autoantibodies, risk of lymphoma
  3. Subacute thyroiditis - painful growth, generally occurs post viral infection, often self-limiting
  4. Reidel thyroiditis - loss of thyroid follicles with fibrosis, very rare
28
Q

list the four types of Bayreuth tumors discussed in class from mild to most severe

A 
most mild to most severe:
papillary
follicular
medullary (C-cells)
anaplastic
29
Q

what is the primary function of the parathyroid gland and what hormone does it produce?

A

function: regulation of serum calcium concentration

hormone produced: parathyroid hormone

30
Q

list the characteristics of primary hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. High calcium with low phosphate

2. often accompanied by adenoma/hyperplasia

31
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Stones
  2. Alkaline urine/phosphaturea
  3. Bone changes
32
Q

what is the treatment for hyperthyroidism?

A

resection of gland, monitor calcium levels

33
Q

list the characteristics of secondary hyperthyroidism

A
  1. Low calcium, high phosphate

2. Accompanied by renal/GI disease

34
Q

list the signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. Low calcium, high phosphate
  2. Excitable muscles/tetany
  3. Conduction defects
35
Q

what is the treatment for hyperparathyroidism?

A

removal or destruction of parathyroid gland

36
Q

what are the characteristics of pseudohyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. Autosomal recessive disease

2. Lack of kidney response to parathyroid hormone which interferes with the conversion of calcitriol to vitamin D

37
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of pseudohyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. Low calcium
  2. High levels of parathyroid hormone
  3. Short stature and digits
38
Q

the pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland. Define endocrine and exocrine.

A

endocrine - produces hormones

exocrine - produces digestive enzymes such as pancreatic amylase

39
Q

list the four types of Langerhans cells found in the pancreas and the products they secrete

A
  1. Alpha cells - secretes of glucagon
  2. Beta cells - secretes insulin and amylin
  3. D cells - secretes a gastrin and somatostatin
  4. F cells - secretes pancreatic polypeptides

*all Langerhans cells regulate carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

40
Q

describe the action of insulin

A

secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose levels rise, secretion diminishes when blood glucose levels lower and insulin levels rise. Insulin secretion is managed through negative feedback

41
Q

describe the action of amylin

A

coaster treated with insulin, and regulates glucose by delaying nutrient uptake

42
Q

describe the action of glucagon

A

acts primarily in the liver to increase blood glucose concentration, occurs through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (current version of glycogen to glucose by the liver)

43
Q

describe the action of pancreatic somatostatin

A

essential for carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism

44
Q

what are the characteristics of diabetes myelitis?

A
  1. Lack of insulin/tissue response that leads to chronic hyperglycemia and tissue wasting
    2 inability of tissues to make glucose for energy and find a place for unused blood glucose
45
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of diabetes myelitis?

A
  1. Polyuria
  2. Polydipsia
  3. Polyphagia
  4. Glucosuria
  5. Ketonuira (type I only)
  6. Neuropathy
    7 microvascular incidents such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and gangrene
46
Q

what is the treatment for diabetes myelitis?

A

diet and weight loss, insulin, monitor hemoglobin A-1 C

47
Q

list the three types of diabetes myelitis discussed in class, and the characteristics of each

A
  1. Type 1 - insulin-dependent (loss of beta cells), genetic disorder, generally found in children
  2. Type 2 - non-insulin-dependent, maybe genetic, often associated with obesity, generally found in adults
  3. Gestational diabetes - related to pregnancy, can often result in type 2 diabetes
48
Q

type I diabetes mellitus can often result in diabetic ketoacidosis. Explained the causes of diabetic ketoacidosis

A

results from a shortage of insulin, and in response, the body switches to burning fatty acids and producing acidic ketones. The ketone bodies are what cause most of the symptoms and complications

49
Q

type II diabetes myelitis can often result in hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). Explain how HHS is a complication of type II diabetes mellitus

A

complication in which high blood sugars cause severe dehydration, increasing osmolarity, and a high risk of complications such as coma and death

50
Q

what is insulinoma?

A

insulin secreting tumor which lead to symptoms of low blood sugar

51
Q

what is gastrinoma?

A

gastrin secreting tumor which leads to the hyper secretion of HCl into the duodenum which leads to gastric ulcers )refractory GERD/ulcers)

52
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

on top of the kidneys

53
Q

what are the two categories of hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex? Name and give an example of each

A
  1. Glucocorticoids - example: cortisol

2. Mineralocorticoids - example: aldosterone

54
Q

what are the two categories of hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla? Name and give an example of each

A
  1. Catecholamines - example: epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine
    * be sure to study the functions and characteristics of the hormones released by both the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
55
Q

what is the major characteristic of Cushing’s disease?

A

excess secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone from the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralocordicoids from the adrenal cortex

56
Q

what is the major characteristic of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

excess secretion of cortisol

57
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  1. Weight gain in the trunk, face (moon face), and back (Buffalo hump)
  2. Glucose intolerance
  3. Protein wasting (muscle weakness, skin/bone/vascular)
  4. No circadian pattern to ACTH/cortisol secretion
  5. No change in ACTH/cortisol activity upon stressor
58
Q

what is the treatment for Cushing’s syndrome?

A

medication/radiation/surgery - depends on severity and underlying cause

59
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of Conn syndrome?

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Hyperkalemia
  3. Alkalosis
60
Q

what is another name for Conn syndrome

A

hyperaldosteroneism

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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