Unit 1 - Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards by Melissa Elliott

what are the two types of body fluids?

intracellular fluid (ICF)-40% of body weight, approximately 28 L of body fluid
extracellular fluid (ECF)-consistent interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid

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liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body

interstitial fluid

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fluid term used to refer to that part of the extracellular fluid that is within the blood vessels

intravascular fluid

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what are the total body water percentages of body weight?

female adult-60%
male adult-50%
infants-70%

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hormone secreted by the renal cortex that increases Na+ resorption from urine back to the blood at the distal tubules of the kidney

aldosterone

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among released in response to low blood pressure that is secreted by the posterior pituitary and promotes water retention by the kidneys to regulate water balance

antidiuretic hormone

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hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure and activates angiotensin to promote secretion of aldosterone

renin

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peptide released from atria of the heart in response to high blood pressure, and acts as an antagonist to aldosterone

atrial natiuretic hormone

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what is the impact of atrial natiuretic hormone on sodium concentrations in the blood

decreases blood sodium through the excretion of sodium in the urine, this reduces blood volume and blood pressure

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water channel proteins in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane that promotes permeability of the cell

aquaporins

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blood pH is buffered by two mechanisms which are regulated by two body systems. The buffering reactions are rapid and slow reactions, which systems react to changes in blood pH?

rapid reactions-respiratory system

slow reactions-urinary system

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accumulation of fluid within interstitial spaces is called…

edema

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edema that is confined to traumatized areas is termed…

localized edema

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edema that exhibits uniform distribution of fluid in the interstitial spaces is termed…

generalized edema

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extracellular fluid loss or gain is accomplished by proportional changes of electrolytes, with no shrinkage or swelling in the fluids

isotonic imbalances

losses seen in hemorrhage or excessive sweating
gains occur in administration of normal saline or renal retention of sodium and water

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imbalance in which water loss or solute gain occurs, cells shrink in these types of imbalances

hypertonic imbalances
-seen in administration of hypertonic saline, hyper aldosteroneism, Cushing syndrome, diabetes, diarrhea, or insufficient water intake

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imbalances in which water gain and solute loss occurs, cells swell in these types of solutions

hypotonic imbalances
-these imbalances can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, burns, diuretics, excessive sweating, renal failure, or failure to excrete water

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excess Na +

hypernatremia

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list conditions associated with hypernatremia

central nervous system your ability
convulsions
tachycardia
dry and flushed skin
hypervolemia
hypertension and rapid pulse
thirst
elevated temperature
weight loss
oliguria or anuria

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Na + deficit

hyponatremia

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this conditions associated with hyponatremia

headache
cerebral edema
stupor orcoma
peripheral edema
polyuria
absence of thirst
hypovolemia
hypotension
temperature
rapid pulse
nausea and vomiting
decreased urination

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what is the treatment for hypernatremia?

give water slowly or intravenous replacement with 5% dextrose in water

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what is the treatment for hyponatremia?

restrict water with cautious use of hypertonic seeming solution

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Cl- deficit

hypochloremia

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list the possible causes of hypochloremia

- hyponatremia - elevated bicarbonate concentration - vomiting and loss of HCl

K + excess

hyperkalemia

list conditions associated with hyperkalemia

- decrease conductivity of the heart muscle - muscle cramping - paresthesias - oliguria - nausea - diarrhea

list causes of hyperkalemia

- increased intake of potassium from ICF into ECF - decreased renal excretion - insulin deficiency - cellular trauma

K + deficit

hypokalemia

list conditions associated with hypokalemia

- cardiac irritability - dysrhythmia - vomiting - paralytic ileus - constipation, - thirst - inability to concentrate urine

list the causes of hypokalemia

- reduced intake of potassium - increased entry of potassium into cells - increased loss of potassium

Ca + + excess

hypercalcemia

list conditions associated with hypercalcemia

- decreased neuromuscular excitability - muscle weakness - central nervous system depression - stupor to coma - increased risk of bone fracture - vomiting - constipation - kidney stones

list the causes of hypercalcemia

- hyperparathyroidism - bone metastasis* - sarcoidosis - excess vitamin D - tumors that produce parathyroid hormone *be sure to check notes regarding specific tissues for bone metastasis

Ca ++ deficit

hypocalcemia

list conditions associated with hypocalcemia

- increased nerve muscular excitability - skeletal muscle cramps - tetany - laryngeospasm - asphyxiation - cardiac arrest

list the causes of hypocalcemia

- in adequate intestinal absorption - deposition of ionized calcium into the bone or soft tissue - decreases in parathyroid hormone and vitamin D - nutritional deficiencies with in adequate sources of dairy products were green leafy vegetables

PO4 - excess

hyperphosphatemia

list the conditions associated with hyperphosphatemia

same clinical manifestations as hypercalcemia

list the causes of hyperphosphatemia

- acute or chronic renal failure with significant loss of glomerular filtration - treatment of metastatic tumors with chemotherapy that releases large amounts of phosphate into the serum - long-term use of laxatives or enemas containing phosphates - hyperparathyroidism

PO4 - deficit

hypophosphatemia

list conditions associated with hypophosphatemia

- anorexia - weakness - osteomalacia - muscle weakness - tremors and or seizures - coma - anemia and other bleeding disorders - leukocyte alterations

list the causes of hypophosphatemia

- intestinal malabsorption - malabsorption syndromes - respiratory alkalosis - increased renal excretion of phosphate associated with hyperparathyroidism

list conditions associated with | Mg ++ excess

- skeletal muscle depression - muscle weakness - hypotension - bradycardia - respiratory depression

list the causes of Mg++ excess

- renal insufficiency - excess intake of magnesium containing antacids - adrenal insufficiency

list conditions associated with | Mg ++ deficit

- hypokalemia and hypocalcemia - neuromuscular irritability - tetany - convulsions - tachycardia - hypertension

list the causes of Mg++ deficit

- malnutrition - malabsorption syndromes - alcoholism - urinary losses

normal blood pH range

7.35-7.45

list the major organs involved in the regulation of acid-based balance

- bones - lungs - kidneys

acids are formed by the release of H + ions, these ions are formed via the metabolism of…

- protein - carbohydrate - fats

a chemical that combined excesses H + or OH - without a significant change in pH

buffer | -buffering pair consists of the week acid and its conjugate base

most important plasma buffering system

carbonic acid-carbonate pair

what is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid to maintain a proper blood pH

20:1

if the amount of bicarbonate decreases the pH decreases resulting in what state?

acidosis

the mechanism by which pH can be returned to normal is the amount of carbonic acid increases or decreases to match increases or decreases of bicarbonate

compensation | -compensation mechanisms include respiratory compensation and renal system compensation

list the three other buffering systems discussed in class

- protein buffering system (hemoglobin), proteins are negatively charged and can act as buffers for H + - renal buffering, secretion of H plus in the urine and reabsorption of HCO3 - - Ion exchange between ICF and ECF, exchange of K +for H + in acidosis and alkalosis

systematic increase in H+ concentration or decrease in bicarbonate

acidosis

systematic decreased in H + concentration or increase in bicarbonate

alkalosis

list the four categories of acid-base imbalances

1. Respiratory acidosis-elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression 2. Respiratory alkalosis-depression of pCO2 as a result of alveolar hyperventilation 3. Metabolic acidosis-depression of HCO3-or an increase in non-carbonic acids 4. Metabolic alkalosis-elevation of HCO3-usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids

occurs when your kidneys can get rid of acid buildup or when your body gets rid of too much bass

metabolic acidosis* *be sure to look at the diagrams on page 113 concerning metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

occurs when your lungs do not properly eliminate CO2 which allows it to build up in the blood

respiratory acidosis* *be sure to look at the diagrams on page 11 concerning respiratory acidosis and alkalosis