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Pathophysiology > Unit 1 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards

1
Q

normal function of the plasma membrane

A

act as a semi permeable barrier between the I CF and the ECF

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2
Q

which type of transport allows water and small uncharged molecules to cross the plasma membrane?

A

passive transport. large complex molecules move across the membrane through active transport which requires energy.

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3
Q

list the three mechanisms discussed in class that are affected when the plasma membrane sustains injury

A
  1. The nucleus and its genetic information
  2. Organelles and their function
  3. Altered cellular physiology and pathology
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4
Q

when faced with stress, why do cells adapt by changing structure and function?

A

to survive and maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

list the five cellular alterations discussed in class

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Dysplasia
  5. Metaplasia
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6
Q

decreases cell substances and results in cell shrinkage

A

cellular atrophy

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7
Q

causes of cellular atrophy

A
  • physiological (associated with normal development)
  • pathological (accompanying disease)
  • disuse (due to lack of use or stimulation)
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8
Q

causes a cellular atrophy may result in…

A

decreased protein synthesis and or protein catabolism

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9
Q

pathway that degrades proteins

A

ubiquitin-proteosome pathway

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10
Q

small protein used in the destruction of damaged or unneeded proteins

A

ubiquitin

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11
Q

protein complex in the cells containing proteases

A

proteosomes

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12
Q

increase in cell size

A

hypertrophy

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13
Q

general cause of hypertrophy

A

increased rate of protein synthesis

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14
Q

list the three mechanical signals of hypertrophy

A
  1. Stretch
  2. Growth factors and hormones
  3. Vasoactive agents
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15
Q

an increase in the number of cells of a tissue or organ

A

hyperplasia

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16
Q

name into tissues that are examples of cells that go through hyperplasia

A

breast and uterine tissue during pregnancy. Hyperplasia occurs in these tissues due to their ability to go through mitotic division

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17
Q

how is physiological hyperplasia regulated?

A

hormonal and compensatory

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18
Q

which organs are most affected with hormonal hyperplasia

A

?mostly estrogen dependent organs such as the uterus and breast tissue during ovulation and pregnancy

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19
Q

what is compensatory hyperplasia?

A

an adaptive mechanism that allows certain organs such as the liver to regenerate

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20
Q

an abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually in response to excess hormonal stimulation of growth factors

A

pathologic hyperplasia

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21
Q

deranged growth that results in cells that lose their uniformity

A

dysplasia

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22
Q

what is the mitigating cause of dysplasia?

A

chronic irritation or inflammation
susceptible organs include the uterus and cervix oral cavity gallbladder and respiratory tract
dysplasia is potentially reversible when irritating cause is removed

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23
Q

the reversible conversion from one adult cell type to another cell type better suited for the environmental stressors

A

metaplasia

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24
Q

cell injury occurs when…

A

the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis

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25
what are the two consequences of cellular injury
1. Cellular recovery (reversible injury) | 2. Cellular gas (irreversible injury)
26
derive cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and the generation of ATP
hypoxia
27
what are the potential causes of hypoxia?
Can result from inadequate oxygen in the air, respiratory disease, decreased blood flow due to circulatory disease, anemia, the inability of the cell to use oxygen
28
tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen
reprofusion injury
29
reactive oxygen compounds caused by an atom or group of atoms with unpaired electrons
free radicals | includes hydroxyl radicals, super oxides, hydrogen peroxide's
30
free radicals, or reactive oxygen species, cause injury by:
1. Lipid peroxidation (destroys unsaturated fatty acids causing damage to the plasma membrane) 2. Fragmentation of polypeptide chains within proteins (teenagers membrane transport proteins) 3. Alteration of DNA (causes breakage a single strands)
31
list the four mechanisms that initiate production of free radicals that were discussed in class
1. Absorption of UV light 2. X-rays 3. Oxidative reactions of normal metabolism 4. Enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals or drugs
32
tissue injury can result from exposure to toxic chemical agents, what are the four cellular mechanisms must affected?
1. Injury to the cell membrane and cellular structures 2. Blockage of enzymatic pathways 3. Coagulation of cellular proteins 4. Disrupt osmotic anionic balance within the cell
33
tissue injury occurs during metabolism or elimination of the toxic chemical. What is the result of the metabolism of carbon tetrachloride by the liver?
carbon tetrachloride is metabolized to highly reactive free radicals
34
the liver metabolizes alcohol, list the cellular conditions to the liver from alcohol abuse
1. Leads to fatty deposits in the liver 2. Increased intracellular water 3. Depression a fatty acid oxidation
35
what is the disease that afflicts unborn children to women who abuse alcohol?
fetal alcohol syndrome | be sure to read over the bullet points of this disease in the lecture notes
36
injury resulting from mechanical energy applied to the body
blunt force trauma
37
bleeding under the skin or underlying tissues
contusions
38
removal of skin
abrasions
39
caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
asphyxial injuries
40
agents that survive and potentially produce toxin or cause injury to the cell
infectious agents
41
cellular accumulations or infiltrates may result in cellular injury, this occurs when:
- normal substances are produced in excess - abnormal substances are ineffectively broken down - harmful exogenous materials accumulate inside the cell
42
cellular injury that results in premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis
necrosis
43
what are the four types of cellular necrosis?
1. Coagulative 2. Liquifactive 3. Caseous 4. Fatty
44
usually results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia, resulting in denaturation of tissue proteins. primarily found in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands
coagulative necrosis
45
brain cells are digested by their own hydrolase enzymes, this injury generally found after ischemic injury
liquefactive of necrosis
46
necrotic debris is not digested completely by cellular hydrolase enzymes, commonly seen in tuberculosis, necrotic tissue can be enclosed by a membrane called the tubercle
caseous necrosis
47
caused by lipase enzymes breaking down triglycerides and releasing fatty acids, this necrosis generally found in breast and pancreatic and abnormal tissues
fatty new process
48
in fatty necrosis, fatty acids combined with calcium magnesium and sodium to produce soaps, this is called…
saponification
49
this necrosis results from severe hypoxic injury caused by blockage to major arteries followed by bacterial invasion
gangrenous necrosis
50
gangrene usually caused by quite a lot of necrosis
dry gangrene
51
gangrene develops when neutrophils invade and cause liquefaction necrosis
wet gangrene
52
special type of gangrene resulting from bacterial infection
gas gangrene
53
regulated programmed cell death
apoptosis (please go over bullet points concerning apoptosis in the class notes)
54
self-destructive and survival mechanism literally turned "self eating", which occurs during nutrient deprivation
autophagy
55
a wasting syndrome of a gene which causes changes in the musculoskeletal system
frailty
56
what is the cause of frailty?
endocrine- immune dysregulation resulting from a decline in hormones and an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines
57
list the three mechanisms of frailty
1. Cellular changes produced by genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors 2. Changes in regulatory mechanisms, especially in cells of the integrated, immune, and central nervous systems 3. Degenerative extracellular and vascular alterations
58
cellular changes or alterations of cellular control seen in frailty include…
increase degrading of hormone synthesis and hormone secretion rejection of hormone receptors and neuromodulators leading to decreased cell signaling
59
decline in immune function seen in frailty includes…
autoantibodies attacking self tissues
60
degenerative extracellular changes in frailty include…
depletion of collagen linking which leads to decreases in sale permeability to nutrients and release of waste
61
other issues of frailty include…
reduced insulin signaling causing glucose intolerance resulting in type II diabetes myelitis oxidative stress which damages the DNA altering gene expression reactive oxygen species causing modification of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid potentially leading to autophagy
62
list the characteristics of somatic death
1. Death of the entire organism 2. Diffuse over entire tissues and organs systems 3. Does not involve inflammatory response 4. Complete cessation of respiration and circulation 5. Skin surface becomes discolored due to lack of circulation 6. Body temperature drops gradually

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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