Unit 2 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards
which line of defense is our adaptive immunity?
third line of defense
list characteristics of adaptive immunity
- Also known as specific acquired immunity
- Response is inducible - must recognize pathogen as foreign or “non-self”
- Develops more slowly that innate response
- Immune response the specific to a unique pathogen
- Produces memory
adaptive immunity response to molecules called…
antigens - includes infectious agents, not infectious substances, drugs, vaccines, and transplanted tissues
products of adaptive immunity to respond to antigens are called…
immunoglobulins - also known as antibodies
the cells responsible for adaptive immune response are lymphoid stem cells that differentiate into…
T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
lymphocytes of adaptive immunity are released from primary lymphoid organs into circulation, what are the primary lymphoid organs
thymus - this is where T lymphocytes mature
bone marrow - this is where B lymphocytes mature
adaptive immunity can be divided into…
humoral immunity - involves B cells
cellular immunity - involves T cells
before are, you produce a large population of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes with each having a unique receptor to recognize a unique antigen, this is called…
clonal diversity
B and T lymphocytes remain dormant until antigen exposure, antigen exposure initiates the process of…
clonal selection
immunity that is produced by the individual is termed…
active immunity
immunity that occurs from preformed antibodies or cells is termed…
passive immunity
active immunity can be either natural or artificial, immunity as a result of illness is…
natural active immunity
immunity that results from immunization
artificial active community
passive immunity can be either natural or artificial, immunity resulting from antibodies passed from mother to child through breast milk is an example of…
natural passive immunity
community from antiserum therapy is an example of…
artificial passive immunity
antigens that induce an immune response are
immunogens
certain criteria influence the degree to which an antigen is an immunogen, these characteristics include…
- Foreignness to the host - the body must recognize the immunogen as foreign
- Adequate size - antigen must have large molecular weight to produce an immune response
- Present in sufficient quantity - extremely high or extremely low concentrations of antigens may produce tolerance
what is the mediator of the humoral immune response?
the antibody
humoral immune response is initiated by the activation of…
B lymphocytes
B lymphocytes differentiate into what two immune cells
plasma cells and B memory cells
plasma cells produce…
antibodies
list the five classes of antibodies
IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD
this antibody most abundant class of immunoglobulins, most protective activity against infection, able to activate complement, can cross the placenta
IgG
this antibody has two subclasses, does not activate complement, responsible for protection of mucosa
IgA
this antibody is the largest immunoglobulin, first everybody produced during the primary immune response, able to activate complement, synthesized by neonate
IgM
this antibody is found in low concentrations in the blood, acts as a surface receptor on B cells
IgD
this antibody specializes as a mediator for common allergic response, specialized defense against parasitic infections
IgE
which region of the antibody structure is the same for every antibody of a particular class?
the crystallized fragment (Fc)
antibody recognizes antigen by…
the antigenic determinant - also known as the epitope
the portion of the antibody that binds to the epitope is called…
the antigen binding site or paratope
list the three mechanisms of direct protection given by anybodies
- Neutralization
- Agglutination
- Precipitation
list the three mechanisms of indirect protection given by antibodies
- Activation of inflammation
- Activation of complement cascade
- Activation of phagocytosis
interacting or blocking of binding of the antigen to receptors
neutralization
clumping insoluble particles that are in suspension
agglutination
making a soluble antigen into an insoluble precipitate
precipitation
how do antibodies activate components of information?
Fc fragment of the antibody binds to antigen to produce opsonization affect, opsonization leads to enhance phagocytosis and activation of complement
IgA antibodies are the predominant antibodies in secretions, these antibodies are produced by which cells?
plasma cells in the mucosa
what is the mediator of cellular immunity?
that T cell
list the types of T cells
cytotoxic T cells, T helper cells, T effector cells, team memory cells
cellular immunity is particularly important in protection against…
viruses, tumors, and pathogens that resist killing by phagocytosis
B cells mature in the bone marrow, and T cells mature in the thymus, both of which move to secondary lymphoid organs. List the secondary lymphoid organs
- Spleen
- Lymph nodes
- Adenoids
- Tonsils
- Pyere’s patches
- Appendix
antigens are processed through phagocytosis by macrophages and dendritic cells, the cells are called…
antigen presenting cells (APC)
which cells respond to antigen presenting cells?
T helper cells - these release interleukin 2 to activate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells and B cells
the immune response is divided into the primary response and the secondary response, list the characteristics of the primary response
- Produced after initial exposure to antigen
- Has a latent period in which antibodies are produced - generally takes up to 5 to 7 days
- First antibody detected is IgM
- Primes host immune response
list the characteristics of the secondary response
- Occurs after subsequent exposure to same antigen
- No lag phase
- Large amount of antibody production
- Rapid response result from memory cells
- IgG is predominant antibody of this phase
processed antigens are presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells next to…
major histocompatibility complex markers (MHC)
MHC markers can be divided into…
MHC I and MHC II
which MHC marker presents endogenous antigens
MHC I
which MHC marker presents infectious microorganisms
MHC II
MHC markers on antigen presenting cells will bind with CD receptors on T cells, CD stands for
cluster of differentiation - T cells will develop either CD4 receptors found on T helper cells, or CD8 receptors found on cytotoxic T cells
MHC I bind it to ______________ on the T cells, while MHC II bind to _____________
CD8 receptors; C D4 receptors
which subset of T cells provide help in developing cell mediated immunity?
T helper 1
which subset of T cells provide help in developing human moral immunity?
T helper 2
which subset of T cells activate macrophages?
T helper 17 (also known as delayed hypersensitivity T cells)
which subset of T cells kills the pathogen directly?
cytotoxic T cells
what is the special group of lymphoid cells that lack antigen specificity and express a variety of antigen specific receptors?
natural killer cells
