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Pathophysiology > Unit 1 - Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

8 chief cellular functions

A
  1. Movement
  2. Conductivity
  3. Metabolic absorption
  4. Secretion
  5. Excretion
  6. Respiration
  7. Reproduction
  8. Communication
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2
Q

Movement

A

Force generated to produce movement.

Example: muscles attached to bone or muscles attached to hollow organs

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3
Q

Response to electrical stimuli along the surface of the cell to reach other cells.

A

Conductivity

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4
Q

Take up and use of nutrients from surroundings.

A

Molecular absorption

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5
Q

Synthesize materials to release from cell to surroundings

A

Secretion

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6
Q

Ridding cell of waste

A

Excretion

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7
Q

Absorption of oxygen to transform nutrients into energy

A

Cellular respiration

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8
Q

The duplication of cells to replace old and dying cells.

A

Reproduction

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9
Q

Signaling between cells and tissues to aid homeostasis

A

Communication

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10
Q

What are the three major components of the eukaryotic cell?

A
  • Cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • organelles
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11
Q

What is the major organelle in the eukaryotic cell?

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

List the characteristics of the nucleus discussed in class.

A
  • generally located in the center of the cell
  • largest organelle
  • surrounded by a nuclear envelope
  • contains the nucleolus
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13
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Production of the ribosomes

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14
Q

What is the primary function of the nucleus?

A
  • cell division

- control of genetic information

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15
Q

Name other functions of the nucleus.

A
  • Replication and repair of genetic material

- Transcription of DNA to mRNA

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16
Q

Aqueous solution between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.

A

Cytoplasm

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17
Q

Which two macro molecules are stored in the cytoplasm?

A
  • Lipids (fat)

- Carbohydrates

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18
Q

Selectively permeable membrane that defines the shape of the cell

A

Plasma membrane (cell membrane)

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19
Q

The plasma membrane is made up of …

A

Phospholipids and protein

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20
Q

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

A

Serves as a barriers to water and other hydrophilic substances and allows lipid soluble substances to pass through.

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21
Q

Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane and linked to other structures in the cell.

A

Integral membrane proteins

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22
Q

Proteins not embedded in the membrane and are only on one surface. *

A

Peripheral membrane protein

* must be bound to an integral membrane protein

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23
Q

The function of the plasma membrane is determined largely by its membrane proteins. What are the six different membrane proteins?

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Pore or transport proteins
  3. Enzymes that drive active pumps
  4. Cell surface markers
  5. Cell adhesion molecules
  6. Catalysts
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24
Q

Function of receptors.

A

Recognition and binding for substances in and out of the cell.

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25
Q

Function or pore or transport channels.

A

Transfer of ions or electrolytes that act as carriers of amino acids and monosaccharides across the membrane.

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26
Q

Function of cell surface markers.

A

Identify the cell to neighboring cells.

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27
Q

Function of cell adhesion molecules.

A

Allow cells to attach to other cells and to the cytoskeleton.

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28
Q

Function of a catalyst.

A

Activation of chemical reactions by lowering the amount of energy needed for the reaction.

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29
Q

Proteins that recognize and bind to specific molecules.

A

Cell receptors

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30
Q

Specific molecules onto which cell receptors bind.

A

Ligands

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31
Q

Mechanisms that allow cells to bind to each other to form tissues.

A

Cell-to-cell adhesions

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32
Q

Network of fibrous proteins that act like a glue as well as providing a pathway for nutrients and waste across the membrane.

A

Extracellular matrix

33
Q

What are the macromolecules that make up the extracellular matrix?

A
  1. Fibrous protein
  2. Adhesive glycoproteins
  3. Protyoglycans and hyaluronic acid
34
Q

What are the examples of fibrous proteins discussed in class?

A
  • collagen

- elastin

35
Q

What is the example of adhesive proteins discussed in class?

A

Fibronectin

36
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

Provides tensile strength and resistance in longitudinal stress

37
Q

What is the function of elastin?

A

Rubber-like protein capable of stretch and recoil in organs that require expansion and retraction like the lungs

38
Q

What is the function of fibronectin?

A

Anchoring the cell to other cells and to basement membrane

39
Q

What are the two functions of specializes cell junctions?

A
  1. Hold cell together

2. Permit small molecules to pass from one cell to another

40
Q

List the three specialized cell junctions.

A
  1. Desmosomes
  2. Tight junctions
  3. Gap junctions
41
Q

Unites cells by forming bands or button-like points of contact between cells. Also acts as braces to maintain stability.

A

Desmosomes

42
Q

Create barriers to diffusion

A

Tight junctions

43
Q

Make clusters of communication tunnels between cells. Also allows ions and small molecules to pass through the membrane.

A

Gap junction

44
Q

List the three main mechanisms of cellular communication.

A
  1. Plasma membrane bound signaling molecules (receptors)
  2. Receptor proteins inside the cell
  3. formation of protein channels to coordinate activities of neighboring cells
45
Q

Cellular communication mechanism that is close membrane to membrane contact.

A

Contact dependent communication

46
Q

Cellular communication mechanism that secretes local chemical mediators

A

Paracrine induced communication

47
Q

Cellular communication mechanism that secretes mediators to target itself.

A

Autocrine signaling

48
Q

Cellular communication mechanism utilizing specialized endocrine cells to secrete hormones to target distant tissues.

A

Hormonal signaling

49
Q

Cellular communication mechanism that utilizes the release of hormones released by neurons and carried in the blood stream.

A

Neurohomonal

50
Q

Cellular communication mechanism in which chemicals diffuse from the presynaptic neuron to have an affect on post synaptic neurons

A

Neurotransmitter

51
Q

Cellular metabolism is the sum total of the chemical reactions in the cell. It is divided into _________ reactions that build up and __________ reactions that tear down

A

Anabolic and catabolic

52
Q

List the three phases of catabolism discussed in class.

A
  1. Digestion
  2. Glycolysis and oxidation
  3. Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain
53
Q

ATP formation that links an enzyme to a substrate and releases phosphate ions from the substrate to ADP.

A

Substrate phosporylation

54
Q

ATP formation that removes electrons from NADH and FADH and uses the energy to phosporylate ADP to ATP

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

55
Q

Mechanism by which nutrients and waste are moved in and out of the cell.

A

Membrane transport

56
Q

Membrane transport in which molecules move down a concentration gradient and do not require energy

A

Passive transport

57
Q

Membrane transport in which molecules move up a concentration gradient and require energy and a membrane carrier.

A

Active transport

58
Q

List the three examples of passive transport discussed in class

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Filtration
  3. Osmosis
59
Q

Movement of solute from area of higher concentration to an area of lower concetration

A

Diffusion

60
Q

Movement of water and solutes through a membrane due to hydrostatic pressue

A

Filtration

61
Q

Movement of water down a concentration gradient

A

Osmosis

62
Q

Extracellular and intracellular fluids have the same concentration of molecules.

A

Isotonic

63
Q

Extracellular fluid has lower concentration of solutes than the intracellular fluids

A

Hypotonic

64
Q

Extracellular fluid has higher concentration of solutes that the intracellular fluid

A

Hypertonic

65
Q

List the three membrane transport proteins used mediated transport.

A
  1. Symport
  2. Unitport
  3. Antiport
66
Q

List the three examples of active transport discussed in class.

A
  1. Na+/K+ pump
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Exocytosis
67
Q

Phase in cellular division in which DNA is synthesized in the nucleus

A

S phase = synthesis phase

68
Q

Phase in cellular division in which RNA and protein synthesis occur

A

G2 Phase = gap phase

69
Q

Phase in cellular division including both nuclear and cytoplasmic division

A

M phase = mitosis

70
Q

Phase in cellular division that is the period between M phase and the start of S phase

A

G1 phase = gap phase

71
Q

List the five stages of mitosis

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
72
Q

Largest phase of the cell cycle. Chromatin begins to coil, thicken and shorten

A

Interphase

73
Q

Spindle fibers form and centriols move to the opposite sides of the cell

A

Prophase

74
Q

The chromosomes are lined up midway along the spindle fibers

A

Metaphase

75
Q

Chromosomes separate from daughters cells and cytokinesis begins

A

Anaphase

76
Q

Identical sets of chromosomes are at opposite ends of the cell. Spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membranes reappear and cytokinesis is complete

A

Telophase

77
Q

Also known as cytokines. These molecules transmit signals between cells and play a major roll in tissue growth and development.

A

Growth factors

78
Q

List the four types of tissues

A
  1. Nervous
  2. Epithellial
  3. Connective
  4. Muscle

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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