Unit 2 - Innate Immunity Flashcards
natural or native immunity that includes physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers and inflammation
innate immunity
specific immunity that is indeed by exposure to microorganisms and produces immunological memory
adaptive immunity
defenses at body services that are nonspecific which prevent damage by environmental substances and infection by microorganisms, these defenses including physical and chemical barriers and normal flora
first line of defense
activated to protect body from injury, preventing infection of injured tissues while promoting healing, part of the second line of defense
inflammatory response
physical barriers of the first line of defense included associated epithelial cells of…
- Skin
- Gastrointestinal tract
- Genitourinary tract
- Respiratory tract
epithelial cells creates biochemical substances can protect against infection, these included…
- Mucus
- Perspiration*
- Saliva*
- Tears*
- Earwax
* contain lysozyme which attacks gram-positive bacteria
resides on body surfaces colonized by a combination of mostly bacteria and occasionally fungi
normal flora
relationship between human and normal flora is…
mutualistic - symbiotic relationship in which both symbionts gain protection or nutrient, example: our gut flora and the production of vitamin K
normal flora that can cause disease with individual defenses are down
opportunistic pathogen - Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in burn patients
nonspecific response to tissue injury, occurs in the tissues with the blood supply, activated within seconds of injury, involves the activity of both cellular and chemical components
inflammation
five classic symptoms of inflammation
- Heat
- Pain
- Redness
- Swelling
- Loss of function
first step in the inflammatory response that causes slower blood velocity and increased blood flow to the area of injury
vasodilation
second step in the inflammatory response that results in leakage of fluid out of the vessels, causing swelling at the site of injury, increased blood flow with increased red blood cells leading to redness and warmth
vascular permeability
list the major local changes in the inflammatory process
- Dilation of blood vessels and increase blood flow, leading to redness and warmth
- Increased vascular permeability with leakage of plasma from vessels leading to edema
- Movement of leukocytes from the vessels into the site of injury
list the three plasma proteins systems essential to effective inflammation
- Kinin system
- Complement system
- Clotting system
this system includes a large number of blood proteins ,when activated, produce factors that destroy pathogens directly or increased activation of other systems, this system can be activated in one of three ways
complement cascade
activation of the parliament cascade will fit in increased the activation of the other systems, list the three other systems discussed in class
- Optimization
- Activation of chemotactic factors
- Activation of anaphylatoxin
coating surface of bacteria to increase susceptibility to phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages
opsonization
chemicals diffuse from other sites of inflammation to attract phagocytic cells to the area of injury
chemotactic factors
chemical that induces rapid de-grain emulation of mast cells to release histamine and cause vasodilation
anaphylatoxin
list the three major complement cascade pathways
- Classical pathway
- Alternative pathway
- Lectin pathway
the classical complement cascade pathway is activated by…
antibodies - antibodies bind to complement proteins, C1 which causes the activation of other complement components leading to the production of holes in the cell membrane of the pathogen
which proteins, when activated, lease to the activation of opsonin, chemotactic factors, and anaphylatoxins
C3 and C5
the alternative is complement pathway is activated by…
endotoxins from bacterial cells zymogens from yeast cells
which complement protein is activated first in the alternative pathway
C3