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Pathophysiology > Unit 2 - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

natural or native immunity that includes physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers and inflammation

A

innate immunity

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2
Q

specific immunity that is indeed by exposure to microorganisms and produces immunological memory

A

adaptive immunity

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3
Q

defenses at body services that are nonspecific which prevent damage by environmental substances and infection by microorganisms, these defenses including physical and chemical barriers and normal flora

A

first line of defense

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4
Q

activated to protect body from injury, preventing infection of injured tissues while promoting healing, part of the second line of defense

A

inflammatory response

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5
Q

physical barriers of the first line of defense included associated epithelial cells of…

A
  1. Skin
  2. Gastrointestinal tract
  3. Genitourinary tract
  4. Respiratory tract
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6
Q

epithelial cells creates biochemical substances can protect against infection, these included…

A
  1. Mucus
  2. Perspiration*
  3. Saliva*
  4. Tears*
  5. Earwax
    * contain lysozyme which attacks gram-positive bacteria
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7
Q

resides on body surfaces colonized by a combination of mostly bacteria and occasionally fungi

A

normal flora

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8
Q

relationship between human and normal flora is…

A

mutualistic - symbiotic relationship in which both symbionts gain protection or nutrient, example: our gut flora and the production of vitamin K

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9
Q

normal flora that can cause disease with individual defenses are down

A

opportunistic pathogen - Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in burn patients

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10
Q

nonspecific response to tissue injury, occurs in the tissues with the blood supply, activated within seconds of injury, involves the activity of both cellular and chemical components

A

inflammation

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11
Q

five classic symptoms of inflammation

A
  1. Heat
  2. Pain
  3. Redness
  4. Swelling
  5. Loss of function
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12
Q

first step in the inflammatory response that causes slower blood velocity and increased blood flow to the area of injury

A

vasodilation

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13
Q

second step in the inflammatory response that results in leakage of fluid out of the vessels, causing swelling at the site of injury, increased blood flow with increased red blood cells leading to redness and warmth

A

vascular permeability

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14
Q

list the major local changes in the inflammatory process

A
  1. Dilation of blood vessels and increase blood flow, leading to redness and warmth
  2. Increased vascular permeability with leakage of plasma from vessels leading to edema
  3. Movement of leukocytes from the vessels into the site of injury
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15
Q

list the three plasma proteins systems essential to effective inflammation

A
  1. Kinin system
  2. Complement system
  3. Clotting system
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16
Q

this system includes a large number of blood proteins ,when activated, produce factors that destroy pathogens directly or increased activation of other systems, this system can be activated in one of three ways

A

complement cascade

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17
Q

activation of the parliament cascade will fit in increased the activation of the other systems, list the three other systems discussed in class

A
  1. Optimization
  2. Activation of chemotactic factors
  3. Activation of anaphylatoxin
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18
Q

coating surface of bacteria to increase susceptibility to phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages

A

opsonization

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19
Q

chemicals diffuse from other sites of inflammation to attract phagocytic cells to the area of injury

A

chemotactic factors

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20
Q

chemical that induces rapid de-grain emulation of mast cells to release histamine and cause vasodilation

A

anaphylatoxin

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21
Q

list the three major complement cascade pathways

A
  1. Classical pathway
  2. Alternative pathway
  3. Lectin pathway
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22
Q

the classical complement cascade pathway is activated by…

A

antibodies - antibodies bind to complement proteins, C1 which causes the activation of other complement components leading to the production of holes in the cell membrane of the pathogen

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23
Q

which proteins, when activated, lease to the activation of opsonin, chemotactic factors, and anaphylatoxins

A

C3 and C5

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24
Q

the alternative is complement pathway is activated by…

A

endotoxins from bacterial cells zymogens from yeast cells

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25
Q

which complement protein is activated first in the alternative pathway

A

C3

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26
Q

name the most common plasma protein responsible for the activation of the lectin pathway

A

mannose-binding lectin

27
Q

name the major substances released to initiate the clotting system

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Proteinase
  3. Plasmin
28
Q

there are multiple pathways that will form clots, name the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

A

contact activation pathway (intrinsic)

tissue factor pathway (extrinsic) - this pathway can activate the intrinsic pathway

29
Q

in the tissue factor pathway, tissue factor released by damaged endothelial cells reacts with which blood factor?

30
Q

contact activation pathway is turned on when there is an abnormal vessel wall and which factor protein contact substances exposed by vascular injury?

A

XII - (Hageman factor)

31
Q

both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways lead to the activation of which plasma factor?

32
Q

the kinin system interacts closely with the clotting system, and can be initiated through the of activation of which plasma factor

A

factor XII

33
Q

what is the final product produced in the kinin system?

A

bradykinin - causes dilation of blood vessels, ask with prostaglandin to induce pain, causes smooth muscle contraction, and increases vascular permeability

34
Q

the complement cascade, the kinin system, and the clotting system are highly interactive, what are the to reasons why these systems are tightly regulated by the body?

A
  1. Interaction among plasma systems results in the activation of the entire immune response regardless of which system is activated initially
  2. Biochemical mediators generated during processes are potent and potentially detrimental therefore their actions must be confined to injury or infected tissues
35
Q

name the mechanisms available to activate or in activate the plasma protein systems

A
  1. Carboxypeptidase - in activates anaphylatoxic action of C3 and C5
  2. Kinases - degrade kinins such as bradykinin
  3. Histaminase - degrades histamine and down regulates the inflammatory response
  4. Fibrinolytic system - designed to limit the size of client and remove clot after bleeding
  5. Plasminogen enzyme - enzyme degrades fibrin clots
  6. C1 esterase inhibitor - inhibits complement activation of all three complement cascade pathways
36
Q

substances secreted by cells of the immune system that have effects on other cells

A

cytokines - can be pro-or anti-inflammatory, usually diffused over short distances, binds to appropriate target and affect function of the target cell, activate intracellular signaling pathways

37
Q

these are the majority of the important cytokines study, these are primarily produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to pattern recognition receptors on pathogens or by other cytokines

A

interleukins

38
Q

with the major effects of interleukins

A
  1. Alteration of adhesion molecule expression
  2. Alteration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation
  3. Induction of proliferation and maturation of leukocytes in the bone marrow
  4. General enhancement or suppression of inflammation (remember, these can be both pro-and anti-inflammatory
39
Q

interleukin produced by macrophages that functions in inflammation and immune responses that is an important anti-inflammatory

A

interleukin 1 (IL-1)

40
Q

interleukin produced by macrophages, lymphocytes, and fiberglass which functions in enhancement of hepatocytes to produce inflammatory proteins and stimulate growth of blood cells and fibroblasts

A

interleukin 6 (IL-6)

41
Q

interleukin produced by T cells, macrophages, and mast cells which functions to induce cytotoxicity and increased inflammatory and immune responses

A

tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a)

42
Q

interleukin produced by the cells and T cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells which functions in antiviral protection and decrease neoplastic growth

A

interferon (INF)

43
Q

interleukin produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets, and bone marrow which functions in macrophage chemotaxis and stimulation of fibroblasts

A

transforming growth factor (TGF)

44
Q

cells filled with granules located in the loose connective tissue close to blood vessels

A

mast cells

45
Q

cells found in the blood which are most likely functioning in the same manner as mast cells in tissues

46
Q

list the mechanism by which mast cells and basophils are released

A

Degranulation - the release of the contents of mast cell granules in response to a stimuli, granules include histamine and chemotactic factors

47
Q

activates arachidonic acid and platelet activating factor

A

phospholipase A2

48
Q

activates cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase

A

arachidonic acid

49
Q

activates prostaglandin and initiates vascular effects and pain

A

cyclooxygenase

50
Q

initiates leukotrienes that have effects on smooth muscle contraction and vascular permeability

A

5-lipoxygenase

51
Q

activates platelets for blood clot formation and causes vascular effects

A

platelet activating factor

52
Q

multistep cellular process for the elimination of pathogens and foreign debris

A

phagocytosis

53
Q

list the steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. Recognition at attachment (chemotaxis)
  2. Involvement
  3. formation of phagosome
  4. Fusion of phagosome with lysosome
  5. Killing and digesting of pathogen
  6. Exocytosis
54
Q

chemical attraction between pathogens and phagocytic cell

A

chemotaxis

55
Q

formation of an intracellular vacuole containing pathogen or foreign substance

56
Q

vacuole containing degradation enzymes that kill and I just microorganisms

57
Q

name the four major phagocytic cells

A
  1. Neutrophil - predominant phagocytic cell in early inflammatory response, exits circulation through diapedisis, moves to the site of inflammation via chemotaxis
  2. Eosinophils - mildly phagocytic, release products that control the inflammatory response
  3. Macrophages - predominant phagocytic cells in the late inflammatory response, response to mold all cytokines, promotes healing, initiates acquired immunity antigen presentation
  4. Dendritic cells - connects the innate and acquired immune systems, collects antigens excited inflammation, acts as an antigen presenting cell
58
Q

what is the major difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

59
Q

chronic inflammation, in an attempt to contain the infection or damage, maybe progress to form…

A

granulomas

60
Q

may resin the formation of exudate, list the types of exudate discussed in class

A
  1. Serous - mild, watery, with very few plasma proteins - example: blister
  2. Fibrinous - thick, clotted - example: pneumonia
  3. Purulent - pus-filled - example: cyst or abcess
  4. Hemorrhagic - any exudate and blood
61
Q

list the three primary systemic changes associated with acute inflammation

A
  1. Fever - partially induced by specific cytokines Ïl -1 and II-6, which is directly on the hypothalamus
  2. Leukocytosis - increases the number of circulating white blood cells
  3. Plasma protein synthesis - also known as acute-phase reactants (tests for these reactants with SED rate test)
62
Q

list the three phases of healing

A
  1. Phase I: inflammation
  2. Phase II: proliferation and new tissue formation
  3. Phase III: remodeling and maturation

Please see PowerPoint slides for the specifics of each phase

63
Q

list causes a dysfunctional wound healing

A
  1. Ischemia
  2. Excessive bleeding
  3. Excessive fibrin deposition
  4. Predisposing disorders, i.e. diabetes
  5. Wound infection
  6. Inadequate nutrients
  7. Numerous drugs and tobacco smoke

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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