Unit 4 Hitstory Test Flashcards
1
Q
Why were there not many possible leaders left?
A
Most of them were killed in war
2
Q
What do Britain, Germany, and the US promote?
A
Democracy
3
Q
What were some post war problems?
A
-Finding jobs (especially for veterans)
- Economic problems
- Rebuilding
- Social unrest
4
Q
Who did the Middle Class start to join? Why?
A
Conservatives because the Liberal party failed
5
Q
What do the Conservatives limit?
A
The Middle Classes strike power
6
Q
What did the Easter Rising cause?
A
More support for the Irish cause
7
Q
Who used Guerilla warfare against the British?
A
Irish Representative Army
8
Q
What for of government did Ireland have?
A
Self government
9
Q
France Conservative and Communists fought for what?
A
Power
10
Q
What happened in 1919-1920 (secret police)
A
They kicked out “foreign radicals”
11
Q
What happened in 1891-1914?
A
Many immigrants came to the US
12
Q
What was the Red Scare
A
A tactic used to limit immigration
13
Q
Why did Germany fear becoming too weak?
A
They thought that Britain and the US would become too strong
14
Q
What did the Locarno Treaty symbolise?
A
A symbol of peace to help end post war fighing
15
Q
Who joined the League of Nations after signing the Locarno Treaty in 1926?
A
Germany (US joined soon after)
16
Q
What were Britain’s economic problems?
A
- Debt
- Factories were out of date
- Major unemployment
- Low wages
- Strike\worker unrest
17
Q
How was Frances economic recovery?
A
Simple
18
Q
US had unfair…
A
Demand\wages
19
Q
How was banking in the US?
A
Poor
20
Q
What did the US pose?
A
The highest tariff in history
21
Q
What was the unemployment issue in 1931?
A
1 in every 4 workers were unemployed
22
Q
Who did the citizens stand behind once the depression hit?
A
Leon Blum
23
Q
What did Leon Blum try to do?
A
- Solving labo problems
- Tried to pass socialist legistlation
24
Q
What brought Blum’s government down?
A
Strikes
25
What caused crisis to the US in 1934?
Winds
26
What destroyed farmers tools and goods?
A dust bowl
27
What did people start losing during the depression?
Hope
28
What was the Maginot Line?
Frances massive fortifications
29
Kellogg- Briand Pact?
US sponsored, echoed spirit of Locarno
30
Disarmament?
Reduction of armed workers
31
General Strike?
Strike by worker in many different industries
32
Overproduction?
Condition where production of good exceeds the need for them
33
Finance?
Management of money matters
34
Federal Reserve?
Central banking system of the US
35
The Great Depression?
Painful time of global economic collapse
36
New Deal?
Massive package of economic and social programs
37
According to Italo Balbo how did Italy's constitutional government "betray" the hopes of the soldiers?
By reducing Italy's army to a shameful peace
38
When did Mussolini rise to power?
The 20s
39
Who rallied behind Mussolini?
Italo Balbo
40
What was the promise the Allies broke to Italy?
Giving them land from Austria and Hungary
41
What did part of Italy become part of?
Yugoslavia
42
What led to revolution like protests in Italy?
Italian Nationalist outraged by the betrayal from the Allies
43
What were some of the ways people protested?
- Rising taxes\declined trade
- Peasants seized land
- Workers on strike
- Government split feuding in factions
44
How does Mussolini rise?
Due to turmoil
45
Mussolini was a ____ from birth...
Socialist
46
During the war Mussolini rejected socialism and switched to _____...
Intense Nationalism
47
Who did Mussolini organize into the Fascist Party?
Veterans and other Italians
48
Black Shirts?
Party militants
49
March on Rome?
Fascist stormed the capital
50
Fascism?
Any centralized, authoritarian government that is not communist whose policies glorify the state over the individual and destructive to basic human rights
51
What was the goal of Fascism?
To go back to Roman Greatness
52
What did Mussolini do?
- Suppressed Rival Parties
- Mizzled Press
- Rigged Elections
- Replaced Elected Officials with Fascists
53
What happened to critics of Fascists?
They were thrown in jail or murdered
54
What did Mussolini use to achieve his goals and get rid of his doubters?
- Secret police
- Propoganda
55
Who controlled the industry?
- Business
- Labor
- Government
- Fascists
They were all representatives
56
What did Mussolini prefere?
- Class system
- Preserving capitalism
57
Mussolini and his followers thought the state was more important than what?
The individual person
58
What were men encouraged to be?
Violent and ruthless
59
Why were women kicked out of working jobs?
To have more children
60
Where were children forced to go and why?
Camps to learn Fascist ways
61
What where children taught to be a young ages?
Soldiers
62
What did Mussolini build?
The first totalitarian state
63
Totalitarian state?
One party regulates every aspect of everyone's life
64
Who adopted the idea of the Totalitarian State?
Hitler and Stalin
65
What was the appeal of Fascism?
- Promised a strong government
-Received National pride
- Mussolini was a confident powerful figure
66
Differences between Fascism and Communism
Fascism: (Favored by upper class)
- Preserved Nationalist goals
- Society with defined classes
Communism: (Favored by lower class)
- Worked for international change
- Classless society
67
What did Fascism and Communism have in common?
- Drew power by inspiring a blind devotion to the state
- Used terror to guide power
- Flourished during economic hardship
- An elite party claimed to rule by nationalist interests
68
What did Stalin and other members of the Communist Party want to do to Lenin's body?
Preserve Lenin's body to put him on display
69
What did Karl Marx say Communism would do to the state?
Make the state fall
70
Stalin made the Soviet Union become...
A Totalitarian state ruled by bureaucracy
71
Why was Stalin's five year plan created?
Save Russia from going back to their backwards economic habits
72
What was the goal of the five year plan?
- Create a powerful industry
- Improve transportation
- Increase farm output
73
Who controlled the plan?
Mostly to government
74
Who owned all businesses?
The government also distributed all the resources
75
What did the Soviet Union create?
Comand economy
76
What was the command economy?
Government officials make all basic economic decisions
77
What were some goals of the five year plan?
Heavy industry and transportation improvement
78
How did the government make people work towards these goals?
They gave bonuses to whoever completed these goals
79
What happened if someone didn't complete the goals
They were punished
80
From 1928-1939 what industries grew?
- Oil
- Coal
- Steel
- Expanded mining
- Built raildroad
81
What were some of the low living standards of 1928- 1939 in Russia?
- Shortages
- Low wages
- Workers forbidden from going on strike
82
What did the government want farmers to produce the feed cities and sell to other countries?
Grain
83
What did Stalin think of Lenin's NEP?
He thought it was inefficient and a threat to state power
84
Where did Stalin want peasants to work?
State owned farms or collectives
85
Collectives?
Large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group
86
What did the government control about state farms and collectives?
Everything
- Prices
- Necessities for farming
87
Why were many angry about state farms?
They didn't like how the government were selling their products at such low prices
88
Many resisted state farms, how?
- Killing animals
- Destroying tools
- Burning crops
89
Who did Stalin blame for the farmer resistance?
Kulaks
90
Kulaks?
Wealthy farmers
91
How did Stalin get rid of the kulaks in 1929?
- Took away their land
- Sent kulaks to labor camps (most of them died from being overworked)
- Peasants still resisted by only growing enough food to feed themselves
92
What did the government leaving the peasants to starve cause?
Terror Famine - It killed millions of people in Ukraine alone
Harsh punishment + terrible harvests = famine
93
What products where in short supply in Russia in 1930?
- Meat
- Vegetable
- Fruit
Grain was in high supply
94
How did Stalin violated his peoples rights with his tactics?
- Using terror as a weapon
- He sent his secret police by opening others letters
- He planted listening devices in peoples houses
95
Where were critics of Stalin sent?
To the Gulag
96
Gulag?
A system of brutal labor camps, many die there
97
Why did Stalin make his secret police spy on people?
He thought his citizens were going to impeach him
(especially the old bolsheviks)
98
What happened in 1836-1938 as a power move directed by Stalin?
Public displays
99
What were public displays?
- People would confess to their crimes in public
- Stalin would torture them
- Stalin would threaten their families
- The criminals were sent to the Gulag without a trial
- This is one of the ways that millions of people were purged
- Stalin's power increased
100
Stalin was so paranoid that he killed many necessary figures like...
- Writers
- Engineers
- Experts in industry and economics
- Military leaders
101
Because of Russia's decrease in power who decided to attack
- Germany's attack in 1941
102
How did Stalin try to control the minds of his citizens?
- Propaganda
- Censoring ideas
- Replacing religion with Communist ideology
- Imposed Russian culture on minorities
103
How did Stalin spread his propaganda?
Radio Speakers in...
- Schools
- Movie theaters
- Factories
- Villages
104
Under Stalin artists and writers...
- Were told what to say
- Were punished if they declined Stalin's orders
105
Under the Bolsheviks artists and writers...
Had more creative freedom
106
Socialist realism?
A goal to show soviet life in a positive light and promote hope in the communist future
107
What does Stalin have to be written as in socialist realist novels?
A hero
108
Socialist realism follows in the footsteps of...
Tolstoy and Chekhov
109
Who wrote criticism of Stalin? What happened to him?
- Osip Mandelstam
- He was...
- imprisoned
- Exiled
- Torchered
- He eventually wrote and Ode to Stalin out of fear to his wife
110
Russification?
Making a nationalities culture more Russian
111
Stalin tried to gain control through cultural life so in 1936 he created the USSR with
- Soviets
- Socialist
- Republicans
112
Russian SSR?
High ranked
113
Non- Russian SSR?
Low ranked
114
What did Stalin try to destroy and replace with atheism?
Faith in religion they did this because communism had their own set of sacred texts
115
Atheism?
Belief that there is no God
116
What was the first targeted church?
Russian Orthodox
117
What happened to priests or religious leaders?
- Killed
- Sent to prision camps
118
What did people do when their places of worship were destroyed?
Worship in private
119
What did Stalin get rid of?
Social classes they had a few elites as ruling classes (Stalin's purges often fell on the elite)
120
Who made up the Soviet Elite?
- industrial managers
- Military leaders
- Scientists
- Artists
- Writers
121
What were the benefits of communism?
- Children attended free communist built schools
- State supported university and tech school
- Extracurriculars
- Sports
- Cultural activities
- Political classes
122
What were the drawbacks of communism?
- Schools taught the love of Stalin
- Preached atheism
- Glorified collective farming
- Scarce housing
- Short supply of food other than bread
123
What did women have access to?
Education and a wide range of jobs (men and women earned the same salary)
124
What were Lenin's and Stalin's different ideas on foreign policy?
- 1917 Lenin wanted a worldwide revolution
- 1939 Stalin wants to ensure safety by gaining support from other countries
125
Communist International?
1919 Lenin formed comintern
126
Who encouraged colonial people to stand up to Imperialist Powers
Revolutionary groups (against capitalism) western powers suspicious
127
What happened when Britain found out about the strike of 1926?
They cut off ties with the Soviet Union
128
What did the solemn ceremonies symbolize?
The start of Emperor Hirohito's reign (1926- 1989)
129
What did Hirohito promise?
- World peace
- Welfare of the human race
130
Why did Japan become democratic?
To strengthen relationships with other countrys
131
How did Japan grow their economy during WW1?
- Heavy Industry production
- Japan became a true industrial power
132
What land did Japan take control of?
- East Asia
- Korea
- Small part of China
133
The Diet?
The Japanese parliament
134
What did men gain in 1925?
The right to vote (women got the right to vote 20 years later)
135
Who were political parties manipulated by in Japan?
Zaibatsu
136
Zaibatsu?
Japans great business leaders
137
Who did the Zaibatsu favor?
Parties with similar ideas or parties that favored international trade
138
What affected Japan's relations with the Western Powers?
Japan's rapid expansion
139
How did Japan try to settle disputed with the Western Powers?
They slowed down expansion
140
What did Japan do in 1922?
Signed an agreement to limit their navy size and military spending
141
Why did peasants turn to socialist ideas(marx and lenin)?
Because they were still very poor
142
What did younger generations go against?
- Tradition(western fashion)
-Family authority
143
There were rising problem between the government and...
Military
144
Who were the military side?
Conservatives
145
What did the conservative do to tear down the government?
- Blasted government corruption
- Condemned western influences
- Defying obedience
- Lacking respect
146
What were the aftereffects of the Tokyo earthquake?
- 100,000 dead
- 650,000 damaged building
- 45% of workers lost their jobs
- Fires
147
What happened after Tokyo recovered?
A worldwide crisis
148
What effects did Japan face after the Great Depression?
- Unemployment
- Foreign buyers could no longer afford Japan services\products
- Rural peasants almost starved
149
What did economic issues feed?
The discontent of ultranationalists
150
Ultranationalists?
Leading military officials and extreme nationalists
151
What did ultranationalists do to politicians?
Condemned them for agreeing with Western demands while conservatives claimed that Japans empire was tiny
152
Why were Nationalists outraged by the US, Canada, and Australia?
Because they didn't accept Japanese imagrants
153
Why did Nationalists want to expand in Asia and Manchuria?
- Resources
- Space for Japans growing population
154
How did Army officers make a reason for them to attack manchuria?
- Blowing up a Japanese railroad and blaming it on China
- They took over Manchuria without the government permission
155
What puppet state did Japan create in Manchuria?
Manzhouguo
156
Who was asked to rule the state?
Puyi the Chinese emporor
157
Why did the League of Nations condemn Japan?
For acting against China
158
Why did Japan withdraw from the League of Nations soon after?
Because the didn't want anything binding them to the arrangement they made with the Western Powers in the 1920s
159
Why couldn't the League of Nations fight against Japan?
Their forces weren't strong enough
160
What were ultranationalists plotting to do in 1936?
Overthrow the government and rule the center of Tokyo
161
How did ultra nationalists try to overthrow the government?
They assassinated politicians who opposed expansion
162
What happened in 1937?
Government had to accept military domination
163
Who turned down their parties to please ultranationalists?
Socialists and Democrats
164
What were students taught in school?
Total obedience and service to the state
165
What did Japan use to strengthen their power in China?
China's civil war in the 1930s
166
Both China and Japan were locked in...
Total combat
167
Who did Japan ally with in 1936?
Germany and Italy
168
What did Japan Italy and Germany sign to ensure their alliance in September 1940?
Tripartite Pact (They became the Axis Powers)
169
What did WW1 leave Germany in?
Chaos
170
Why did German leaders do to fix this problem?
Draft a constitution
171
Chancellor?
Prime minister, initially was elected
172
What did the Constitution give women?
The right to vote
173
What were people of all parties mad about and who did they blame it on?
The treaty of Versailles and many blamed German Jews
174
What was Germany behind on?
Payments(1923)
175
What did France occupy?
Coal- rich
176
Ruhr Valley?
France owned most of the coal with German workers
177
What did Germany pay workers to do?
Strike
178
What spiraled in German?
Inflation
179
What plans did the US make in 1924?
Reduce reparations to recover the economy
180
Who did people turn to to make Germany better?
Adolf Hitler
181
Weimar Republic...
Flourished
182
What did the Weimar Republic's success stimulate?
New culture
183
Hitler grew up Vienna as a?
German Austrian
184
What beliefs did Hitler develop?
Anti- semitic beliefs
185
What republic did Hitler despise?
Weimar
186
What did Hitler write in prison?
Mein Kampf
187
What did the Mein Kampf reflect?
Hitlers beliefs and obsessions
188
Who did Hitler blame for Germany's failure in WW1?
Jews and marxists
189
According to Hitler inferior races must bow down to who?
Aryan Race
190
Who did the program appeal to?
Lower classes and veterans
191
Who was appointed chancellor in 1933?
Hitler
192
Why was Hitler a dictator?
- He took away rights
- He took away political parties
193
Third Reich?
Powerful empire took control for a thousand years
194
What did the Third Reich do?
- Made public work programs
- United germany
- Rejected the Treaty of Versailles
195
What did Hitler control?
All areas of life
196
Gestapo?
Secret police
197
What did the Nuremberg laws deprive Jews of?
-Citizenship
- They also placed restrictions
198
Nuremberg laws?
199
Kristallnacht?
Happened in November of 1910, Jews were attacked and Hitler was preparing for the "final solution"
200
How did the Nazis indoctrinate youth?
- Speeches
- Teachings
- School taught Nazis racial views
- Pledged loyalty to Germany
201
What were women not allowed to work?
High rank jobs
202
What did Aryan women get rewards for?
Having more children
203
What did the Nazis do to Purge German culture
- Denounced modern art
- Condemned Jazz music
- Glorified German myths
- Despised christianity(closed catholic schools)
204
What were some social and economic problems for the lower class and peasants?
- Changes democratic to authorian rule
205
What ethnic groups had high tensions?
- Czechs
- Slovaks
- Slovenes
- Croats
206
What helped the Fascist rule gain power?
Unstable state of Germans
207
What were the only two countries not run by dictators?
- Czechoslovakia
- Finland
208
What did many turn to as a scapegoat?
Anti- semitism
209
Who were the 3 powerful winners of 1919?
- Britain
- France
- Us
210
Who had post war problems?
Europe
211
Whos world leaders were killed
Young generation
212
How did liberals pass in the 1920s
Labour party stength
213
Who had social interests?
Middle class(gradual socialism)
214
What did they go back to in1920's?
Conservatives
215
How many workers went on strike?
3 million
216
What happened in the US in 1928 and 29 and again in 1931?
Stock prices rised
217
What did banks stop giving because of the revolution?
Loans
218
Who had no loan payments?
France
Britain
219
What did Britain set up as a solution?
Coalition
220
What did the dust bowl destroy?
- Crops
- Winds
- Droughts
221
What was an internal problem?
Allies arguing
222
General strike of 1926 lasted for how many days?
9
223
Who is the leading economic power?
US
224
What did the US follow?
Capitalism
