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Flashcards > 26.1 - 26.4 History Unit 2 Test > Flashcards

26.1 - 26.4 History Unit 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Who said the quote “The future belongs to peace”?

A

Frederic Passy

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2
Q

Who predicted The Great War?

A

Otto von Bismark

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3
Q

What happened when the alliance failed?

A

They split into two alliance groups

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4
Q

What countries made up the Central Powers in the beginning?

A
  • Germany
  • Italy
  • Austria
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5
Q

What countries made up the Allies in the beginning?

A
  • France
  • Russia
  • Britain
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6
Q

What cause the rival block in 1893?

A

France and Russia forming an alliance

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7
Q

Who signed the entente in 1904?

A

Britain and France the entente led to military and diplomatic ties between the two countries

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8
Q

What is an entente?

A

A nonbinding agreement to follow common policies

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9
Q

What empire did Germany sign a treaty with?

A

The Ottoman Empire

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10
Q

What country did Britain grow close to?

A

Japan and they became allies later on

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11
Q

What countries struggles to survive in the age of Nationalism?

A

Austria- Hungary and the Ottoman Empire

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12
Q

Why did Britain feel threatened by Germany?

A

Because Germany was rapidly growing in economy and military

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13
Q

Why was Germany afraid of Russia?

A

Because once Russia modernized it was feared that they would be unbeatable because of their population and natural resources

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14
Q

What oversea cities did Germany and Britain fight over in 1905 and again in 1911?

A

Moroccan cities

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15
Q

What country had the most respected navy?

A

Britain

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16
Q

What did Germany acquire that helped strengthen their armies?

A

Oversea colonies

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17
Q

Who stirred up the public’s opinion?

A

Journalists

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18
Q

What is militarism?

A

The glorification of the military

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19
Q

What was aggresive Nationalism doing?

A

Causing tension

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20
Q

Where was Nationalism strong?

A

Germany and France

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21
Q

What 1871 event left France bitter?

A

France- Prussian war

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22
Q

What loss did france want to recover from?

A

The loss of the border province of Alsace and Lorraine

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23
Q

Who sponsored Pan- Slavism?

A

Russia (the biggest slavic country)

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24
Q

What was Pan- Slavism?

A

A form of Nationalism where Slavic people shared a common nationality

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25
Q

What did Russia dream of?

A

Creating an all South Slavic State

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26
Q

What did A-H fear?

A

Nationalism sparking rebellion among their minor population

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27
Q

What did the Ottoman Empire fear?

A

South Slavic State taking land away from their small population

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28
Q

Who took land away from Turkey in 1912?

A

Balkan states

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29
Q

What was wrong with Balkan states?

A

They had in-fighting (called the powder keg of Europe)

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30
Q

Where did the Great War start?

A

Eastern Europe with a war between A-H and Serbia

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31
Q

How did the war start?

A
  • Archduke Francis Ferdinand went to visit the capital of Bosnia (Sarajevo)
  • Serbians and Bosnians were angry with visit
  • Unity of Death ( also known as the Black Hand) claimed they would take action against AFF
  • AFF and his wife Sophie were murdered in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip
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32
Q

How did Austria try to please their people and the Serbians?

A

By giving Serbians and ultimatum (final set of demands)

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33
Q

What was the ultimatum?

A

Serbia had to
- End all Anti- Austrian agitation
- Punish any Serbian involved in the murder plot
- Let Austria join in the murder investigation

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34
Q

Why did the ultimatum fail?

A

Because Serbia agreed to most of the demands but not all of them

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35
Q

What happened on July 28th 1914?

A

Austria declared war on Serbia

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36
Q

Why did this war drag Great Powers deeper into conflict?

A

Because of their alliances

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37
Q

Who did Serbia turn to?

A

Russia

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38
Q

Nicholas ll ask William ll to do

A

Soften the demands, it failed so Russia mobilized

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39
Q

What does mobilized mean?

A

To prepare military forces for war

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40
Q

What happened on August 1st?

A

Germany declares war on Russia

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41
Q

Who did Russia turn to?

A

France

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42
Q

What did France consider this an opportunity to be?

A

A chance to avenge themselves, Germany demanded that France stays out of it but France refused

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43
Q

What did Germany do after France refused to stay out?

A

Germany declared war of France

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44
Q

What country was neutral towards the sides?

A

Italy

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45
Q

What does it mean for a country to be Neutral?

A

Supporting neither side in a war

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46
Q

What was Germany’s plan?

A

To split their army in half so one half would attack Russia and the other would attack France

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47
Q

Who created the Schlieffen plan?

A

Alfred von Schlieffen

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48
Q

What was the Schlieffen plan?

A

A plan where Germany would attack France while Russia mobilizes

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49
Q

Why did Germany’s plan to invade Belgium fail?

A

Belgium signed a treaty with Britain and other countries securing their neutrality, it was a rough battle but Germany won

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50
Q

What new invention was brought into the war?

A

Military Machines

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51
Q

What problems stirred in Russia in 1905?

A

The Revolution of 1905

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52
Q

What did the Government emphasise?

A

Their need for soldiers, you men rushed to enlist while they were cheered on by women and elders

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53
Q

How thought Europe was losing light?

A

Edward Grey

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54
Q

How big was France’s military?

A

8.5 million soldiers

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55
Q

How big was Britain’s military?

A

Almost 9 million soliders

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56
Q

How big was Russia’s military?

A

12 million soldiers

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57
Q

How big was Germany’s military?

A

11 million soldiers

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58
Q

After the war what happened to the soldiers?

A

Most of them went blind or insane

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59
Q

How did the Schlieffen plan fail?

A
  • Russia mobilized faster than expected
  • British and French forces were too powerful in the battle of Marne (river)
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60
Q

What happened because both sides fought to protect their armies?

A

It turned into a long deadly stalement

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61
Q

What is a stalemate?

A

A deadlock where neither side can defeat the other

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62
Q

What did the improvement of guns do?

A

It killed or injured more soldiers (10 mile range)

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63
Q

What were the two newest guns to enter the war?

A

Shrapnel and Machine Guns

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64
Q

What killed people more then the guns?

A

Debris

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65
Q

What could poison gas do to a person?

A
  • Blind
  • Choke
  • Burn
  • Cause painful blisters
  • Kill
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66
Q

What was invented to help protect soldiers from the gas?

A

Gas masks

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67
Q

Gas powered engines causes the use of?

A
  • Tanks
  • Airplanes
  • Submarines
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68
Q

What country created the first armoured tank in 1916?

A

Britain

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69
Q

What was the issues of the armoured tank?

A

It often broke down

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70
Q

What were airplanes used for?

A
  • Observing enemy movements
  • Drop Zeppelins
  • Armed with machine guns
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71
Q

What are zeppelins?

A

Gas filled balloons used to bomb the enemy

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72
Q

What were flying aces?

A

Airplanes that would be used to fight in the sky?

73
Q

What were U-boats?

A

German submarines

74
Q

What were u-boats used for?

A

Sinking merchant ships to Britain

75
Q

What were convoys?

A

Merchant ships protected by warships

76
Q

What were convoys used for?

A

Defending against submarines

77
Q

What did Russia try to do in August 1914?

A

Fight Germany (Russia lost)

78
Q

Russia was unmodernized which led to what issue?

A

Russia lacking things that other countries had but still sending soldiers to fight

79
Q

Who joined the Central Powers in August 1914?

A

Bulgaria

80
Q

Who joined the Allies in 1916?

A

Hungary

81
Q

Who declared war on Hungary?

A

Italy

82
Q

How did the Allies resolve this war?

A

They signed a secret treaty promising Italy Austrian land

83
Q

Why did Germany and Britain have to stop the Central Powers from attacking Italy?

A

Because Italy and Austria were fighting

84
Q

Who joined the Allies because of strategic location?

A

The Ottoman Empire

85
Q

What did the Ottoman Empire do to Russia?

A

Cut off supply lines to Russia through the Dardanelles

86
Q

What was the Dardanelles?

A

A vital straight connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean

87
Q

What forces were sent to open up the straight?

A
  • British
  • Indian
  • Australian
  • New Zealand
88
Q

Who traps the Allies on beaches of the Gallipoli Peninsula during the Battle of Gallipoli?

A

Turks

89
Q

After 10 months what happened to the Dardanelles?

A

The Allies gave up on the Dardanelles

90
Q

Who do the Turks fight on the Caucasus Mountain?

A

Russia

91
Q

Who helped Russia when they were battling Russia?

A

Turkish Armenian

92
Q

Where were the Armenians deported to?

A

Syria and Mesopotamia

93
Q

What happened during deportion?

A

600,000 - 1.5 million Armenians were killed and the rest were starved

94
Q

Who did Britain send to support the Arabs when the Arabs revolted against the Ottoman Empire?

A

T. E. Lawrence

95
Q

What did T. E. Lawrence do?

A
  • Led Guerrilla raids against the Turks
  • Blew up bridges and supplies
  • Took lots of land from the Ottoman for the Arabs
96
Q

What land did the Allies take over?

A

Scattered German land across Africa

97
Q

What countries made up to colonial recruits?

A
  • Britain
  • India
  • France
  • West Africa
98
Q

What did the colonial recruits do?

A

Fight on European lands

99
Q

Who was sent to help the colonial recruits?

A
  • Canada
  • Australia
  • New Zealand
100
Q

Why did some not want to join the war?

A

They didn’t want to serve for rulers who treated them poorly

101
Q

Why did some not want to join the war?

A

They didn’t want to serve for rulers who treated them poorly

102
Q

Why were European soldiers cracking in 1917?

A
  • Shortages at home
  • Casualties
103
Q

What does total war mean?

A

A modernized war with machinery and using resources

104
Q

How was the government’s role in economy affected?

A

It increased

105
Q

What did countries develop to help with the organization of soldiers?

A

A system to help recruit, transport, and arm soldiers

106
Q

What does conscription mean?

A

The draft that requires all young men to be ready to join the military or other services (all countries made one except for Britain, Britain made one in 1916)

107
Q

What did Germany force?

A

Civilian labor

108
Q

What did the government raise?

A

Taxes

109
Q

What did Britain form in the North Sea and why?

A

A blockade to carry supplies in and out of Germany

110
Q

What did International Law allow?

A

Wartime blockades to confiscate contraband

111
Q

What does contraband mean?

A

Military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies

112
Q

What was Germany struggling to get to their people?

A

Supplies

113
Q

What did Britain’s blockade cause?

A

The turnip war for Australia and Germany

114
Q

What did Germany do to get rid of this blockade?

A

Germany sent subs to sink “Lusitania” which killed many people including Americans

115
Q

Why did Germany stop sub warfare?

A

Because America was angry that their soldiers were being killed

116
Q

What did the government use to trick their people into giving them money?

A

Propaganda

117
Q

What did France and Britain make up to turn people on Germany?

A

Atrocities

118
Q

What did women take over while men were fighting in the war?

A

Mens jobs

119
Q

What job during the war was is the same amount of danger as the soldiers?

A

Nurses

120
Q

What did women gain for helping in the war?

A

The right to vote

121
Q

What was the morale collapse?

A

Germany sent 15 year olds to war and Britain almost went bankrupt

122
Q

What were some issues occuring during the war fatigue?

A
  • Long casualty lists
  • Food shortages
  • Failed promises of winning
123
Q

What was the result of these unresolved issues with the soldiers

A
  • Soldiers left troops
  • Soldiers joined revolutions
  • Soldier abandoned their people
124
Q

What happened during the 1917 bread riot?

A
  • Rebels took down the Russian monarchy
  • Vl Lenin signed the “treaty of brest- litovsk” which ended Russia’s involvement in the war
  • Central Powers began to get the break through
125
Q

What did the US do in 1917

A

Declare war on Germany

126
Q

Why did the US declare war on Germany

A
  • To make the world safe for Democracy
  • Sub warfare
  • Cultural ties
  • Zimmerman note
  • “The war to end war”
  • Germany broke the US trust
127
Q

What did America do by 1918?

A
  • Boosted morale
  • Sent troops to Allies to fight
128
Q

What were the 14 points?

A

A list of Wilson’s ideas for resolving issues in future war

129
Q

What were some of the points?

A
  • Freedom of the Sea
  • Free trade
  • Large scale reduction of arms
  • No secret treaties
130
Q

How far did Germany push the Allies back in 1918?

A

40 miles

131
Q

What did Germany tell their Kaiser?

A

That they would not be able to defeat the Allies

132
Q

How did the Allies fight back against Germany?

A

By sending American soldiers by the thousand

133
Q

What did Germany and A- H do after they started falling apart?

A

They asked for an armistice

134
Q

When did the Great War end?

A

November 11th, 1918

135
Q

What does Propaganda mean?

A

Spreading ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause

136
Q

What does atrocities mean?

A

Horrible acts committed against innocent people

137
Q

What does self- determination mean?

A

The right of people to choose their own form of government

138
Q

What does armistice mean?

A

An agreement to end fighting

139
Q

What was the Paris Peace Conference?

A

Allied leaders (even Wilson) went to Paris to make peace after the war

140
Q

Why would making peace be hard?

A

Because Europe’s continent was shattered

141
Q

What was the cost of the war?

A
  • Dead soldiers
  • Wounded soldiers
  • 1918 pandemic of influenza
142
Q

Where did the pandemic spread?

A

Worldwide and it killed 20 million people

143
Q

What would burden the world?

A

The cost of the war and reconstruction, reconstruction caused people to leave as refugees

144
Q

What needed to be reconstructed?

A
  • Homes
  • Farms
  • Roads
  • Factories
  • Churches
145
Q

What did the Allies want Germany to do?

A

Pay reparations

146
Q

Why were the Central Powers appalled?

A

Because they saw their defeat as a cease fire not a surrender

147
Q

What governments collapsed?

A
  • Germany’s
  • Russia’s
  • A- H
  • Ottoman
148
Q

What did political radicals see the collapsing government as?

A

A chance to build a new social orders

149
Q

What did Conservatives war the people about?

A

The spread of Bolshevism (communism)

150
Q

What did the Allies discuss at the PPC?

A

The fate of Europe, Ottoman, and other countries

151
Q

Central Powers and Russia were not allowed to what?

A

Be apart of the negotiations

152
Q

What were the conflicting goals in the PPC

A
  • (America) want “peace without victory” based on the 14 points and Wilson was hard to work with because he thought he was always right
  • (France) wanted to weaken Germany so they couldn’t threaten France again (George Clemenceau)
  • (Britain) wants to create a “post war Britain” that was “fit for heroes” the issue is that it will cost money (David Lloyd George)
153
Q

What were some problems with the original plan for peace?

A
  • Other crowds wanted to add their ideas to the “Big 3”
  • (Italy) wanted the Allies to give them their promised land but it violated self- determination
  • Russia, A- H, Ottoman demanded their own national states (some of the land overlapped so it was an issue)
154
Q

What ;league did Wilson create?

A

The International League of Nations which were ideas based on collective security

155
Q

Where was the treaty of versailles created?

A

In June 1919 the Allies forced the reps of the New German republic to sign the treaty made at Versailles

156
Q

What did the treaty say?

A
  • Germany had to take full blame for the war
  • Germany had to limit the size of their army
  • Germany had to give up their oversea colonies and their land of ALsace and Lorraine
  • Germany had to pay for reparations and pensions for the million of dead soldiers (it cost 30 billion back then)
  • German colonies had to go back to either Germany or Austria
157
Q

Why did Germany sign the treaty?

A

Because they were forces to

158
Q

What did the Allies do with the other counties?

A

They created separate peace treaties with the Central Powers

159
Q

What did the CP wait for because they were dissatisfied with the treaties?

A

They waited for their chance to revise settlements in their favor

160
Q

What did Poland become?

A

An independent nation after 100 years of foreign rule

161
Q

The Baltic States also achieved independence, what countries created them?

A
  • Latvia
  • Lithuania
  • Estonia
162
Q

What new republics rose in Hapsburg?

A
  • Czechoslovakia
  • Austria
  • Hungary
163
Q

What did peacemakers in the Balkans create?

A

A new South Slavic State (Yugoslavia dominated by Serbia)

164
Q

What did European Colonies how for with the PPT?

A

The end of Imperial Rule

165
Q

Why didn’t the end of the Imperial Rule happen?

A

The PPT only applied to certain parts of Europe

166
Q

What countries made up the European Colonies?

A
  • Africa
  • Asia
  • The Pacific
167
Q

What did the Allies add to?

A

Their oversea empires

168
Q

What did France and Britain get mandates over?

A

Colonies in Africa

169
Q

What did treaties do to the Ottoman Empire?

A

Part it like it was a colony

170
Q

Who felt betrayed by the peacemakers?

A
  • Africa
  • Middle- East
  • Asia
171
Q

What did the 40+ nations agree to when they joined the League of Nations?

A

Negotiating disputes instead of immediately going to war

172
Q

Why did the US never join the League?

A

Because Wilson refused to listen to Lodge so the senate didn’t ratify the treaty

173
Q

Why was the Republican Senate (led by Henry Cabot Lodge) upset?

A

Because they wanted to restrict the treaty meaning the US wouldn’t be forces to fight in future wars

174
Q

What did the power of the League weaken?

A

Because they lost the US

175
Q

What does pandemic mean?

A

The spread of disease across a large area

176
Q

What does reparations mean?

A

Payments for war damage

177
Q

What does radicals mean?

A

People who wanted to make extreme changes and building new social order

178
Q

What does collective security mean?

A

A system in which a group of nations act as one to preserve the peace of all

179
Q

What does mandates mean?

A

Territories administered to western powers

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