26.1 - 26.4 History Unit 2 Test Flashcards
Who said the quote “The future belongs to peace”?
Frederic Passy
Who predicted The Great War?
Otto von Bismark
What happened when the alliance failed?
They split into two alliance groups
What countries made up the Central Powers in the beginning?
- Germany
- Italy
- Austria
What countries made up the Allies in the beginning?
- France
- Russia
- Britain
What cause the rival block in 1893?
France and Russia forming an alliance
Who signed the entente in 1904?
Britain and France the entente led to military and diplomatic ties between the two countries
What is an entente?
A nonbinding agreement to follow common policies
What empire did Germany sign a treaty with?
The Ottoman Empire
What country did Britain grow close to?
Japan and they became allies later on
What countries struggles to survive in the age of Nationalism?
Austria- Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
Why did Britain feel threatened by Germany?
Because Germany was rapidly growing in economy and military
Why was Germany afraid of Russia?
Because once Russia modernized it was feared that they would be unbeatable because of their population and natural resources
What oversea cities did Germany and Britain fight over in 1905 and again in 1911?
Moroccan cities
What country had the most respected navy?
Britain
What did Germany acquire that helped strengthen their armies?
Oversea colonies
Who stirred up the public’s opinion?
Journalists
What is militarism?
The glorification of the military
What was aggresive Nationalism doing?
Causing tension
Where was Nationalism strong?
Germany and France
What 1871 event left France bitter?
France- Prussian war
What loss did france want to recover from?
The loss of the border province of Alsace and Lorraine
Who sponsored Pan- Slavism?
Russia (the biggest slavic country)
What was Pan- Slavism?
A form of Nationalism where Slavic people shared a common nationality
What did Russia dream of?
Creating an all South Slavic State
What did A-H fear?
Nationalism sparking rebellion among their minor population
What did the Ottoman Empire fear?
South Slavic State taking land away from their small population
Who took land away from Turkey in 1912?
Balkan states
What was wrong with Balkan states?
They had in-fighting (called the powder keg of Europe)
Where did the Great War start?
Eastern Europe with a war between A-H and Serbia
How did the war start?
- Archduke Francis Ferdinand went to visit the capital of Bosnia (Sarajevo)
- Serbians and Bosnians were angry with visit
- Unity of Death ( also known as the Black Hand) claimed they would take action against AFF
- AFF and his wife Sophie were murdered in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip
How did Austria try to please their people and the Serbians?
By giving Serbians and ultimatum (final set of demands)
What was the ultimatum?
Serbia had to
- End all Anti- Austrian agitation
- Punish any Serbian involved in the murder plot
- Let Austria join in the murder investigation
Why did the ultimatum fail?
Because Serbia agreed to most of the demands but not all of them
What happened on July 28th 1914?
Austria declared war on Serbia
Why did this war drag Great Powers deeper into conflict?
Because of their alliances
Who did Serbia turn to?
Russia
Nicholas ll ask William ll to do
Soften the demands, it failed so Russia mobilized
What does mobilized mean?
To prepare military forces for war
What happened on August 1st?
Germany declares war on Russia
Who did Russia turn to?
France
What did France consider this an opportunity to be?
A chance to avenge themselves, Germany demanded that France stays out of it but France refused
What did Germany do after France refused to stay out?
Germany declared war of France
What country was neutral towards the sides?
Italy
What does it mean for a country to be Neutral?
Supporting neither side in a war
What was Germany’s plan?
To split their army in half so one half would attack Russia and the other would attack France
Who created the Schlieffen plan?
Alfred von Schlieffen
What was the Schlieffen plan?
A plan where Germany would attack France while Russia mobilizes
Why did Germany’s plan to invade Belgium fail?
Belgium signed a treaty with Britain and other countries securing their neutrality, it was a rough battle but Germany won
What new invention was brought into the war?
Military Machines
What problems stirred in Russia in 1905?
The Revolution of 1905
What did the Government emphasise?
Their need for soldiers, you men rushed to enlist while they were cheered on by women and elders
How thought Europe was losing light?
Edward Grey
How big was France’s military?
8.5 million soldiers
How big was Britain’s military?
Almost 9 million soliders
How big was Russia’s military?
12 million soldiers
How big was Germany’s military?
11 million soldiers
After the war what happened to the soldiers?
Most of them went blind or insane
How did the Schlieffen plan fail?
- Russia mobilized faster than expected
- British and French forces were too powerful in the battle of Marne (river)
What happened because both sides fought to protect their armies?
It turned into a long deadly stalement
What is a stalemate?
A deadlock where neither side can defeat the other
What did the improvement of guns do?
It killed or injured more soldiers (10 mile range)
What were the two newest guns to enter the war?
Shrapnel and Machine Guns
What killed people more then the guns?
Debris
What could poison gas do to a person?
- Blind
- Choke
- Burn
- Cause painful blisters
- Kill
What was invented to help protect soldiers from the gas?
Gas masks
Gas powered engines causes the use of?
- Tanks
- Airplanes
- Submarines
What country created the first armoured tank in 1916?
Britain
What was the issues of the armoured tank?
It often broke down
What were airplanes used for?
- Observing enemy movements
- Drop Zeppelins
- Armed with machine guns
What are zeppelins?
Gas filled balloons used to bomb the enemy
What were flying aces?
Airplanes that would be used to fight in the sky?
What were U-boats?
German submarines
What were u-boats used for?
Sinking merchant ships to Britain
What were convoys?
Merchant ships protected by warships
What were convoys used for?
Defending against submarines
What did Russia try to do in August 1914?
Fight Germany (Russia lost)
Russia was unmodernized which led to what issue?
Russia lacking things that other countries had but still sending soldiers to fight
Who joined the Central Powers in August 1914?
Bulgaria
Who joined the Allies in 1916?
Hungary
Who declared war on Hungary?
Italy
How did the Allies resolve this war?
They signed a secret treaty promising Italy Austrian land
Why did Germany and Britain have to stop the Central Powers from attacking Italy?
Because Italy and Austria were fighting
Who joined the Allies because of strategic location?
The Ottoman Empire
What did the Ottoman Empire do to Russia?
Cut off supply lines to Russia through the Dardanelles
What was the Dardanelles?
A vital straight connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean
What forces were sent to open up the straight?
- British
- Indian
- Australian
- New Zealand
Who traps the Allies on beaches of the Gallipoli Peninsula during the Battle of Gallipoli?
Turks
After 10 months what happened to the Dardanelles?
The Allies gave up on the Dardanelles
Who do the Turks fight on the Caucasus Mountain?
Russia
Who helped Russia when they were battling Russia?
Turkish Armenian
Where were the Armenians deported to?
Syria and Mesopotamia
What happened during deportion?
600,000 - 1.5 million Armenians were killed and the rest were starved
Who did Britain send to support the Arabs when the Arabs revolted against the Ottoman Empire?
T. E. Lawrence
What did T. E. Lawrence do?
- Led Guerrilla raids against the Turks
- Blew up bridges and supplies
- Took lots of land from the Ottoman for the Arabs
What land did the Allies take over?
Scattered German land across Africa
What countries made up to colonial recruits?
- Britain
- India
- France
- West Africa
What did the colonial recruits do?
Fight on European lands
Who was sent to help the colonial recruits?
- Canada
- Australia
- New Zealand
Why did some not want to join the war?
They didn’t want to serve for rulers who treated them poorly
Why did some not want to join the war?
They didn’t want to serve for rulers who treated them poorly
Why were European soldiers cracking in 1917?
- Shortages at home
- Casualties
What does total war mean?
A modernized war with machinery and using resources
How was the government’s role in economy affected?
It increased
What did countries develop to help with the organization of soldiers?
A system to help recruit, transport, and arm soldiers
What does conscription mean?
The draft that requires all young men to be ready to join the military or other services (all countries made one except for Britain, Britain made one in 1916)
What did Germany force?
Civilian labor
What did the government raise?
Taxes
What did Britain form in the North Sea and why?
A blockade to carry supplies in and out of Germany
What did International Law allow?
Wartime blockades to confiscate contraband
What does contraband mean?
Military supplies and raw materials needed to make military supplies
What was Germany struggling to get to their people?
Supplies
What did Britain’s blockade cause?
The turnip war for Australia and Germany
What did Germany do to get rid of this blockade?
Germany sent subs to sink “Lusitania” which killed many people including Americans
Why did Germany stop sub warfare?
Because America was angry that their soldiers were being killed
What did the government use to trick their people into giving them money?
Propaganda
What did France and Britain make up to turn people on Germany?
Atrocities
What did women take over while men were fighting in the war?
Mens jobs
What job during the war was is the same amount of danger as the soldiers?
Nurses
What did women gain for helping in the war?
The right to vote
What was the morale collapse?
Germany sent 15 year olds to war and Britain almost went bankrupt
What were some issues occuring during the war fatigue?
- Long casualty lists
- Food shortages
- Failed promises of winning
What was the result of these unresolved issues with the soldiers
- Soldiers left troops
- Soldiers joined revolutions
- Soldier abandoned their people
What happened during the 1917 bread riot?
- Rebels took down the Russian monarchy
- Vl Lenin signed the “treaty of brest- litovsk” which ended Russia’s involvement in the war
- Central Powers began to get the break through
What did the US do in 1917
Declare war on Germany
Why did the US declare war on Germany
- To make the world safe for Democracy
- Sub warfare
- Cultural ties
- Zimmerman note
- “The war to end war”
- Germany broke the US trust
What did America do by 1918?
- Boosted morale
- Sent troops to Allies to fight
What were the 14 points?
A list of Wilson’s ideas for resolving issues in future war
What were some of the points?
- Freedom of the Sea
- Free trade
- Large scale reduction of arms
- No secret treaties
How far did Germany push the Allies back in 1918?
40 miles
What did Germany tell their Kaiser?
That they would not be able to defeat the Allies
How did the Allies fight back against Germany?
By sending American soldiers by the thousand
What did Germany and A- H do after they started falling apart?
They asked for an armistice
When did the Great War end?
November 11th, 1918
What does Propaganda mean?
Spreading ideas to promote a cause or to damage an opposing cause
What does atrocities mean?
Horrible acts committed against innocent people
What does self- determination mean?
The right of people to choose their own form of government
What does armistice mean?
An agreement to end fighting
What was the Paris Peace Conference?
Allied leaders (even Wilson) went to Paris to make peace after the war
Why would making peace be hard?
Because Europe’s continent was shattered
What was the cost of the war?
- Dead soldiers
- Wounded soldiers
- 1918 pandemic of influenza
Where did the pandemic spread?
Worldwide and it killed 20 million people
What would burden the world?
The cost of the war and reconstruction, reconstruction caused people to leave as refugees
What needed to be reconstructed?
- Homes
- Farms
- Roads
- Factories
- Churches
What did the Allies want Germany to do?
Pay reparations
Why were the Central Powers appalled?
Because they saw their defeat as a cease fire not a surrender
What governments collapsed?
- Germany’s
- Russia’s
- A- H
- Ottoman
What did political radicals see the collapsing government as?
A chance to build a new social orders
What did Conservatives war the people about?
The spread of Bolshevism (communism)
What did the Allies discuss at the PPC?
The fate of Europe, Ottoman, and other countries
Central Powers and Russia were not allowed to what?
Be apart of the negotiations
What were the conflicting goals in the PPC
- (America) want “peace without victory” based on the 14 points and Wilson was hard to work with because he thought he was always right
- (France) wanted to weaken Germany so they couldn’t threaten France again (George Clemenceau)
- (Britain) wants to create a “post war Britain” that was “fit for heroes” the issue is that it will cost money (David Lloyd George)
What were some problems with the original plan for peace?
- Other crowds wanted to add their ideas to the “Big 3”
- (Italy) wanted the Allies to give them their promised land but it violated self- determination
- Russia, A- H, Ottoman demanded their own national states (some of the land overlapped so it was an issue)
What ;league did Wilson create?
The International League of Nations which were ideas based on collective security
Where was the treaty of versailles created?
In June 1919 the Allies forced the reps of the New German republic to sign the treaty made at Versailles
What did the treaty say?
- Germany had to take full blame for the war
- Germany had to limit the size of their army
- Germany had to give up their oversea colonies and their land of ALsace and Lorraine
- Germany had to pay for reparations and pensions for the million of dead soldiers (it cost 30 billion back then)
- German colonies had to go back to either Germany or Austria
Why did Germany sign the treaty?
Because they were forces to
What did the Allies do with the other counties?
They created separate peace treaties with the Central Powers
What did the CP wait for because they were dissatisfied with the treaties?
They waited for their chance to revise settlements in their favor
What did Poland become?
An independent nation after 100 years of foreign rule
The Baltic States also achieved independence, what countries created them?
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Estonia
What new republics rose in Hapsburg?
- Czechoslovakia
- Austria
- Hungary
What did peacemakers in the Balkans create?
A new South Slavic State (Yugoslavia dominated by Serbia)
What did European Colonies how for with the PPT?
The end of Imperial Rule
Why didn’t the end of the Imperial Rule happen?
The PPT only applied to certain parts of Europe
What countries made up the European Colonies?
- Africa
- Asia
- The Pacific
What did the Allies add to?
Their oversea empires
What did France and Britain get mandates over?
Colonies in Africa
What did treaties do to the Ottoman Empire?
Part it like it was a colony
Who felt betrayed by the peacemakers?
- Africa
- Middle- East
- Asia
What did the 40+ nations agree to when they joined the League of Nations?
Negotiating disputes instead of immediately going to war
Why did the US never join the League?
Because Wilson refused to listen to Lodge so the senate didn’t ratify the treaty
Why was the Republican Senate (led by Henry Cabot Lodge) upset?
Because they wanted to restrict the treaty meaning the US wouldn’t be forces to fight in future wars
What did the power of the League weaken?
Because they lost the US
What does pandemic mean?
The spread of disease across a large area
What does reparations mean?
Payments for war damage
What does radicals mean?
People who wanted to make extreme changes and building new social order
What does collective security mean?
A system in which a group of nations act as one to preserve the peace of all
What does mandates mean?
Territories administered to western powers
