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Flashcards > Science Midterm 2023 > Flashcards

Science Midterm 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanical wave?

A

A disturbance in matter the carrie energy from one place to another

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2
Q

Transverse wave?

A

Waves that move the medium at right angles to the direction in which waves are traveling
Ex. light low waves, low frequency

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3
Q

Longitudinal waves?

A

A wave going in the same direction as the medium

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4
Q

Waves?

A

A disturbance which results in a transfer of energy from one place to another

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5
Q

Wavelength?

A

Crest to crest

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6
Q

Period?

A

Time for one complete wave cycle to pass a point

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7
Q

Frequency?

A

Number of cycles that pass in a second

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8
Q

Radiation?

A

Physics, the process on which energy is emitted as particles or waves

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9
Q

Refraction?

A

The change in direction of a wave when it travels from one material to another

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10
Q

Law of Refraction?

A

Fast to slow- bends toward the normal low density to high density

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11
Q

Law of Reflection?

A

The same measure on both sides from the normal

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12
Q

Density?

A

Mass\volume

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13
Q

Mass?

A

How much matter is in an object

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14
Q

Volume?

A

How much space something takes up

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15
Q

Luminosity?

A

The amount of energy given off by a star

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16
Q

Nuclear fusion?

A

When two or more hydrogen join to make helium, this powers the star and will continue as long as the star has enough hydrogen to fuse helium

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17
Q

Frame of reference?

A

The objector place from which the motion is determined

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18
Q

Scalar quantities?

A

Quantities such as mass, volume, speed, ect. which can be completely be specified by magnitude and has no direction

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19
Q

Vector quantities?

A

Quantity such as velocity that has both magnitude and direction

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20
Q

Displacement?

A

Position after changes

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21
Q

Motion?

A

Change in position of an object when compared to a reference point. All motion is relative to the observer’s frame of reference

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22
Q

Speed?

A

Scalar quantity

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23
Q

Acceleration?

A

How quickly an object changes its velocity. That is, the change in velocity divided by the change in time

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24
Q

Free fall?

A

The movement of an object toward earth solely because of gravity

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25
Q

Friction?

A

Force that slows an object

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26
Q

Force?

A

Push or pull upon an object resulting from its interaction with another object

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27
Q

Balanced force?

A

Combine forces, produce net force of zero. Unlimited number of forces can act on an object to create zero

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28
Q

Unbalanced force?

A

The forces don’t equal zero, one side has more force

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29
Q

Friction?

A

Force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching each other

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30
Q

Newton’s first law?

A

An object in motion will remain in motion, an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force?

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31
Q

Newton’s second law?

A

F=ma

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32
Q

Momentum?

A

Quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of mass and velocity

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33
Q

Newton’s third law?

A

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

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34
Q

Law on conservation?

A

Loss of momentum in one object = gain of momentum in another object, momentum is conserved

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35
Q

Energy?

A

The ability or capacity to do work. Energy can change forms, measured in joules

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36
Q

Kinetic energy?

A

Energy of motion

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37
Q

Potential energy?

A

Energy stored due to position

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38
Q

Total energy?

A

Energy associated with motion and position of everyday objects

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39
Q

Law of conservation of energy?

A

Law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, can be changed from one form to another or transferred from one object to another

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40
Q

What is the big bang theory?

A
  • The universe started to have a few particles and expanded from there
  • Redshift supports this theory
  • Redshift proves that the wavelength is increased as the object moves farther away from the observer
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41
Q

How does CBM help us?

A

Radiation, they show us when the universe first happened

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42
Q

What is spectroscopy?

A
  • Way of studying light coming from some material or passing through some material
  • Can tell is what is in the light
  • Continuous spectrum
  • Absorption lines- missing wavelengths
  • Emission lines- identify whats happening on the star
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43
Q

What size waves does electromagnetic energy travel through?

A

Short and long

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44
Q

What does the earth protect us from?

A

Certain types of waves and radiation

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45
Q

Do waves have mass?

A

No

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46
Q

Mechanical waves =

A

Sound waves

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47
Q

The higher the amplitude the more…

A

Energy it holds

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48
Q

Electromagnetic waves require a…

A

Medium

49
Q

What is a vacuum?

A

The velocity of the electromagnetic wave and the medium

50
Q

What happens to the wavelength when there is more energy?

A

It gets shorter

51
Q

Which color has the longest wavelength and has the least amount of energy?

A

Red

52
Q

Which color has the shortest wavelength and has the most amount of energy?

A

Purple

53
Q

What two properties do electromagnetic waves exhibit?

A
  • Waves
  • Particles
54
Q

Are photons apart of electromagnetic wave particles?

A

Yes

55
Q

Do longitudinal waves travel in the same direction?

A

Yes

56
Q

Electromagnetic waves travel?

A

Perpendicular

57
Q

On the EM spectrum what wave has the least amount of energy?

A

Radio

58
Q

On the EM spectrum what wave has the most amount of energy?

A

Gamma

59
Q

List the waves on the EM spectrum from least to greatest?

A
  • Radio
  • Microwave
  • Infrared
  • Visible
  • Ultraviolet
  • X- ray
  • Gamma
60
Q

Hotter object has?

A
  • Higher energy
  • Shorter wavelength
61
Q

Cooler object has?

A
  • Lower energy
  • Longer wavelength
62
Q

Equation for atoms?

A

Electrons + Photons + Neutrons = Atoms

63
Q

Proton have what kind of charge?

A

Positive

64
Q

Electrons have what kind of charge?

A

Negative

65
Q

Neutrons have what kind of charge?

A

Neutral

66
Q

What do electrons occupy?

A

The space around the nucleus

67
Q

What provides info for light?

A

Fingerprints

68
Q

What emits a continuous spectrum?

A

Sun and stars

69
Q

Every element has a unique what?

A

Emission spectrum

70
Q

What results in absorption and emission spectra?

A

Electrons of the atoms gain or lose energy

71
Q

What does the spectra tell us?

A
  • Chemical composition
  • Temperature
  • Movement
  • Magnetic fields
72
Q

What does the Nebula consist of?

A
  • 70% hydrogen
  • 28% helium
  • 2% heavier elements
73
Q

Is the universe expanding?

A

Yes! Why?
- The universe cooled before CMB occurred(380,000 years after the big bang)
- Initially no light in the world
- CMB supports the big band
- Universe reached a high density state and then began expanding
- Singularity- universe before expansion
- The universe started expanding 13.7 billion years ago

74
Q

Speed?

A

How fast you are moving

75
Q

Velocity?

A

Specifies how fast and where you are going

76
Q

What quantity is velocity?

A

Vector

77
Q

What quantity is speed?

A

Scalar

78
Q

Methods of acceleration?

A
  • Speeding up (positive)
  • Slowing down (negative)
  • Turning (changing direction)
79
Q

Acceleration of gravity on earth?

A

9.8 m\s\s

80
Q

Balanced forces?

A
  • Equal in size
  • Opposite directions
  • Produces a net force of 0
81
Q

Unbalanced force?

A
  • Unequal in size
  • Same direction
  • No net force of 0
82
Q

Mass never…

A

Changes

83
Q

Weight can…

A

Change

84
Q

Mass is a measure of…

A

Inertia

85
Q

Weight is a measure of…

A

Force of gravity acting on an object

86
Q

The Doppler Effect?

A

The apparent change in the frequency of a wave caused by relative motion between the source of the wave and the observer

87
Q

Infrence?

A

A logical conclusion based on observations

88
Q

Particle?

A

Point- like object with no internal structure, just properties of mass and velocity

89
Q

How is sound discovered?

A

Change in air density

90
Q

How is a wave produced?

A

Then the medium is disrupted

91
Q

How is the speed of propagation determined?

A

By speed

92
Q

In what media does sound travel faster? why?

A

Dense media because atoms are closer together

93
Q

What media is light slower in? why?

A

Dense because the ripple interferes and that slows the group velocity

94
Q

Propagate?

A

Waves moving

95
Q

Equilibrium?

A

Medium at rest

96
Q

Sound wave?

A

Vibration that propagates through matter

97
Q

Periodic?

A

Waves on repeat

98
Q

What creates a waves velocity?

A

Frequency and wavelength

99
Q

Specular reflection?

A

Clear mirror image

100
Q

Total internal reflection?

A

Light will only reflect

101
Q

Trough?

A

On full wave (above and below medium once)

102
Q

What is the only wave humans can see on the spectra?

A

Visible light (all spectrum colors)

103
Q

Ionizing?

A

Waves with high energy

104
Q

Atmospheric windows?

A

Waves that pass through the atmosphere

105
Q

New medium (refraction)

A

Wave enters new medium at an angle and the velocity changes due to the change in density which causes a bend in the normal

106
Q

Spectrum?

A

When the rainbow is separated

107
Q

Spectra?

A

More than one spectrum

108
Q

Continuous spectrum?

A

All colors are in the spectrum

109
Q

Stellar evolution?

A
  • Gas + dust(forced together by gravity) = star
  • Dead star releases dust that will be used to form another star
110
Q

Stars?

A

Most plentiful object in the visible universe (hottest blue(k) coolest red(m))

111
Q

HR Diagram order?

A
  • O
  • B
  • A
  • F
  • G
  • K
  • M
112
Q

HR Diagram?

A

Designed by Hertzsprung- Russell
HR Diagram- graph that illustrates relationship between average surface temp of a star and their absolute magnitude

113
Q

What is supernova responsible for?

A

The universes disappearing element

114
Q

Absolute magnitude?

A

Brightness of stars if they were all the same distance from earth

115
Q

Apparent magnitude?

A

Measured brightness procieved from earth

116
Q

Hubble Laws?

A

Shows galaxies are receding away from us with a velocity that is proportional to their distances from us

117
Q

What did CMB form?

A

The first atoms

118
Q

Blue shifting?

A

The decrease in wavelength, with a corresponding increase in frequency of an electromagnetic wave

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