History Midterm U1 Flashcards
What did the IR bring for entrepreneurs?
- Great riches
- Wealth
- Entrepreneurs benefited most from the IR
What did the IR bring for workers?
- Poverty
- Harsh living conditions
Urbanization?
The movement of people to cities
What led to urbanization?
The demand for workers
The IR created a new…
Middle class
What did the middle class do during the IR?
Owned and operated means of production
Bourgeoisie?
The middle class including merchants industrialists and inventors
Middle class women…
Stayed home and raised children
Wealthy class women…
Had maidservants to raise their children
Working class women…
Had their children in the workforce
Tenements?
Multistory buildings divided into apartments
- Mostly occupied by the working class
What were the tenements condition?
- No running water
- No sewage system
- Contaminated drinking water (because of sewage)
What led to disease during the IR?
Contaminated drinking water
Labor unions?
Workers’ organizations (illegal at the time)
Luddites?
Group of workers who broke into factories and destroyed machinery
Methodism?
A religious movement that many working class people found comfort in and helped the anger of workers away from the revolution
John Wesley
Founder of Methodist movement
What was it like working in a factory?
- Rigid schedule
- Long working hours
- Loss of limbs
- Loss of life
- Breathing in lint damaged their lungs
Why did employers prefer to higher women over men for factory work?
- They could adapt more easily to machines
- They could pay them half of what they paid men
What were the conditions for miners?
- Worked in darkness
- Coal dust destroyed lungs
- Always at risk for explosions, flooding, collapsing tunnels
- Paid more than factory workers
- Worse working conditions than factory workers
What were the jobs of children during the IR?
- Crawling under machinery to make repairs
- Children who worked in mines had to carry heavy loads
What were the child labor and reform laws?
Factory acts
- Law that restricted age limits and hours for working children
- These laws were not enforced so inspectors had to make sure the laws were being followed
- Later on laws were made to shorten womens work days
- Children were ensured education
Result of industrialization?
- Labor unions won the right to bargain with employers for better wages
- Working class men got the right to vote
- Creation of new jobs
Thomas Malthus?
- British economist
- Believed population would outpace food
- To prevent this he encouraged people to have fewer children
- He was wrong (population increased but as did food supplies)
Physiocrats?
Early advocates of laissez- faire economics
Laissez faire?
- Idea that the government should play as small of a role as possible in economic affairs
- Called the hands- off approach
- Idea of individual rights = important
David Ricardo?
- Laissez- faire economist
- Believed that increasing wages were pointless because when wages were higher people had more children instead of raising the family’s current living standard
- Poor would stay poor
Free market economy?
Unregulated exchange of good and service
Jeremy Bentham?
- British economist
- Advocated utilitarianism
- Believed that laws should provide more happiness that pain
- Believed the government could get involved under some circumstances
Utilitarianism?
Ideas the the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number”
Socialism?
A system in which society (usually in the form of the government) owns\controls the means of production
Means of Production?
-Farms
-Factories
- Railways
- Other large businesses that produce and distribute goods
Utopians?
-Early socialists
- Believed if there was no rich or poor the fighting between people would stop
Robert Owens?
- Utopian socialist
- Set up a model community in New Lanarks Scotland
- He campaigned for laws limiting child labor and encourages labor unions
Karl Marx?
- German journalist and philosopher
- Founded Marxism
- Predicted a struggle between social classes that would lead to a classless society
Communism?
A system of government in which governments led by a small elite group control all economic and political life
Proletariat?
Working class
Social democracy?
- Political ideology where there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system
Why did Marxism not work in the end?
- Workers didn’t unite across class boarders to wage class welfare
- Nationalism won out over working class loyalty
Ideologies?
System of thought and belief
What was the Congress of Vienna?
- Series of meetings in 1814-1815
- European leaders sought to establish long lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon
- Victory for many conservatives
Conservatives?
- Monarchs, nobels, church leaders, peasants
- Conservatives supported the political and social order that existed before Napoleon
- Like social hierarchy (lower classes respected and obeyed socal superiors)
Metternich?
Conservative who urges monarchs to, oppose freedom of press, crush protest, and send troops to ‘douse the flames of rebellion’
Liberals\liberalism?
- Business owners, bankers, and lawyers
- Capitalist liberals spoke for MC and wanted gov to be based on a written constitution and on separation of power
- They defend natural rights of individuals
- Want rulers elected by the people
- Wanted a republican gov
- Supported Laissez- Faire economics
Universal manhood suffrage?
Giving all adult men the right to vote, whether they owned property or not
Nationalist\nationalism?
- Gave people with a common heritage a sense of identity
- Goal of creating their own homeland
Serbian independence?
- Serbians were the first Balkan people to revolt against the Ottomans
- First revolt wasn’t successful
- Second one was a success because Serbians turned to Russia for assistance
Autonomy?
Self-rule\independence
Greece revolts?
- Suffering wars on independence shaped a national identity for Greeks (and later Britain)
- France and Russia forced Ottomans to give Greeks independence
Otto von Bismarck?
Chancellor whose goal was to unify German states under Prussian rule
What tactics led towards Germany’s unification?
- War
- Trickery
- Propoganda
What was the first step to unifying Germany?
- Creating the German confederation
- Weak alliance headed by Austria
Zollverein?
Economic union made by Prussia that dismantled tariff barriers between German states
Chancellor?
The highest official of a monarch
Realpolitik?
Realistic politics based on the needs of the state
Why did Bismarck want unification of Germany?
Hoped that through the unification of Germany he could bring more power to the Hohenzollerns
Hohenzollerns?
The ruling dynasty of Prussia
Why did Bismarck do when legislature refused to vote for military funds?
- Used money that had been collected for other purposes to strengthen the army
- With said army he led Prussia into three wars
Austria and Prussia alliance?
- Alliance w austria helped seize two provinces from Denmark
- Shortly after Prussia attacked Austria and took many north German states
- Bismarck then dissolved the Austrian led German Confederation and created a ned Confederation
Annexed?
Took control of
Why did France and Prussia go to war?
France was angry about Prussia’s victory over Austria
How did Bismarck use propaganda to convince Prussia to go to war with France?
Bismarck edited a telegram to make it seem like William had insulted the french ambassador
- After this France declared war on Prussia (Prussia won)
Kaiser?
Emperor
Reich
Empire
What did Bismarck’s constitution do?
- Set up a two-house legislature, the Bundesrat (upper class) and Reichstag (lower class)
- Reichstag was elected by universal male suffrage
- Bundesrat could veto any decisions made by the Reichstag so the power still remained with the emperor and chancellor
What was the aftermath of German unification?
Germany became and industrial giant following their unification due to growth of population and ample resources
House of Krupp?
An enormous industrial complex that produced steel and weapons for a world market
Explain the economic development after German unification?
After unifying Germany, the gov issued a single currency but when a worldwide depression hit tariffs were raised
What did Bismarck want to do when it came to foreign relations? (after German unification?
He wanted to keep france weak but strengthen bonds with Russia and Austria
What did Bismarck not like about the catholic church? What did he do about it?
- He disturbed catholics so he launched the kulturkampf and passed laws that gave states the right to supervise the catholic education and restrict the practice of religions
- His plan backfired and he ended up making peace with the church
Why did Bismarck not like socialists? What did he do about it?
- Feared socialists would undermine the loyalty of German workers so he shut down socialist news papers and banned meeting
- Plan failed so social democratic party continued to grow
Kulturkampf?
Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church “battle for civilization”
Social welfare?
Programs to help certain groups of people
Colossus?
Giant
What did Russia look like in the early 1800s?
- Great world power and huge multinational empire with immense resources
- It was economically undeveloped
- Had an autocratic government
Autocratic government?
Absolute power over a state is concentrated in the hands of one person
What did Russia social structure look like?
- The tsar had absolute power
- The nobles and social class below
- Below them were the serfs
Serfs?
Peasants who made up the majority of society
Emancipation?
Freeing of the serfs
What happened to Russian serfs after they were freed?
They were too poor to buy land and the land they were given was too small so peasants remained poor
Black shirts?
Party militants
- private army under mussolini and they destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, socialist party headquarter eventually pushing socialists out of the city
