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Flashcards > History Midterm U1 > Flashcards

History Midterm U1 Flashcards

1
Q

What did the IR bring for entrepreneurs?

A
  • Great riches
  • Wealth
  • Entrepreneurs benefited most from the IR
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2
Q

What did the IR bring for workers?

A
  • Poverty
  • Harsh living conditions
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3
Q

Urbanization?

A

The movement of people to cities

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4
Q

What led to urbanization?

A

The demand for workers

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5
Q

The IR created a new…

A

Middle class

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6
Q

What did the middle class do during the IR?

A

Owned and operated means of production

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7
Q

Bourgeoisie?

A

The middle class including merchants industrialists and inventors

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8
Q

Middle class women…

A

Stayed home and raised children

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9
Q

Wealthy class women…

A

Had maidservants to raise their children

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10
Q

Working class women…

A

Had their children in the workforce

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11
Q

Tenements?

A

Multistory buildings divided into apartments
- Mostly occupied by the working class

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12
Q

What were the tenements condition?

A
  • No running water
  • No sewage system
  • Contaminated drinking water (because of sewage)
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13
Q

What led to disease during the IR?

A

Contaminated drinking water

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14
Q

Labor unions?

A

Workers’ organizations (illegal at the time)

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15
Q

Luddites?

A

Group of workers who broke into factories and destroyed machinery

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16
Q

Methodism?

A

A religious movement that many working class people found comfort in and helped the anger of workers away from the revolution

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17
Q

John Wesley

A

Founder of Methodist movement

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18
Q

What was it like working in a factory?

A
  • Rigid schedule
  • Long working hours
  • Loss of limbs
  • Loss of life
  • Breathing in lint damaged their lungs
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19
Q

Why did employers prefer to higher women over men for factory work?

A
  • They could adapt more easily to machines
  • They could pay them half of what they paid men
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20
Q

What were the conditions for miners?

A
  • Worked in darkness
  • Coal dust destroyed lungs
  • Always at risk for explosions, flooding, collapsing tunnels
  • Paid more than factory workers
  • Worse working conditions than factory workers
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21
Q

What were the jobs of children during the IR?

A
  • Crawling under machinery to make repairs
  • Children who worked in mines had to carry heavy loads
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22
Q

What were the child labor and reform laws?

A

Factory acts
- Law that restricted age limits and hours for working children
- These laws were not enforced so inspectors had to make sure the laws were being followed
- Later on laws were made to shorten womens work days
- Children were ensured education

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23
Q

Result of industrialization?

A
  • Labor unions won the right to bargain with employers for better wages
  • Working class men got the right to vote
  • Creation of new jobs
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24
Q

Thomas Malthus?

A
  • British economist
  • Believed population would outpace food
  • To prevent this he encouraged people to have fewer children
  • He was wrong (population increased but as did food supplies)
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25
Q

Physiocrats?

A

Early advocates of laissez- faire economics

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26
Q

Laissez faire?

A
  • Idea that the government should play as small of a role as possible in economic affairs
  • Called the hands- off approach
  • Idea of individual rights = important
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27
Q

David Ricardo?

A
  • Laissez- faire economist
  • Believed that increasing wages were pointless because when wages were higher people had more children instead of raising the family’s current living standard
  • Poor would stay poor
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28
Q

Free market economy?

A

Unregulated exchange of good and service

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29
Q

Jeremy Bentham?

A
  • British economist
  • Advocated utilitarianism
  • Believed that laws should provide more happiness that pain
  • Believed the government could get involved under some circumstances
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30
Q

Utilitarianism?

A

Ideas the the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number”

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31
Q

Socialism?

A

A system in which society (usually in the form of the government) owns\controls the means of production

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32
Q

Means of Production?

A

-Farms
-Factories
- Railways
- Other large businesses that produce and distribute goods

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33
Q

Utopians?

A

-Early socialists
- Believed if there was no rich or poor the fighting between people would stop

34
Q

Robert Owens?

A
  • Utopian socialist
  • Set up a model community in New Lanarks Scotland
  • He campaigned for laws limiting child labor and encourages labor unions
35
Q

Karl Marx?

A
  • German journalist and philosopher
  • Founded Marxism
  • Predicted a struggle between social classes that would lead to a classless society
36
Q

Communism?

A

A system of government in which governments led by a small elite group control all economic and political life

37
Q

Proletariat?

A

Working class

38
Q

Social democracy?

A
  • Political ideology where there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system
39
Q

Why did Marxism not work in the end?

A
  • Workers didn’t unite across class boarders to wage class welfare
  • Nationalism won out over working class loyalty
40
Q

Ideologies?

A

System of thought and belief

41
Q

What was the Congress of Vienna?

A
  • Series of meetings in 1814-1815
  • European leaders sought to establish long lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon
  • Victory for many conservatives
42
Q

Conservatives?

A
  • Monarchs, nobels, church leaders, peasants
  • Conservatives supported the political and social order that existed before Napoleon
  • Like social hierarchy (lower classes respected and obeyed socal superiors)
43
Q

Metternich?

A

Conservative who urges monarchs to, oppose freedom of press, crush protest, and send troops to ‘douse the flames of rebellion’

44
Q

Liberals\liberalism?

A
  • Business owners, bankers, and lawyers
  • Capitalist liberals spoke for MC and wanted gov to be based on a written constitution and on separation of power
  • They defend natural rights of individuals
  • Want rulers elected by the people
  • Wanted a republican gov
  • Supported Laissez- Faire economics
45
Q

Universal manhood suffrage?

A

Giving all adult men the right to vote, whether they owned property or not

46
Q

Nationalist\nationalism?

A
  • Gave people with a common heritage a sense of identity
  • Goal of creating their own homeland
47
Q

Serbian independence?

A
  • Serbians were the first Balkan people to revolt against the Ottomans
  • First revolt wasn’t successful
  • Second one was a success because Serbians turned to Russia for assistance
48
Q

Autonomy?

A

Self-rule\independence

49
Q

Greece revolts?

A
  • Suffering wars on independence shaped a national identity for Greeks (and later Britain)
  • France and Russia forced Ottomans to give Greeks independence
50
Q

Otto von Bismarck?

A

Chancellor whose goal was to unify German states under Prussian rule

51
Q

What tactics led towards Germany’s unification?

A
  • War
  • Trickery
  • Propoganda
52
Q

What was the first step to unifying Germany?

A
  • Creating the German confederation
  • Weak alliance headed by Austria
53
Q

Zollverein?

A

Economic union made by Prussia that dismantled tariff barriers between German states

54
Q

Chancellor?

A

The highest official of a monarch

55
Q

Realpolitik?

A

Realistic politics based on the needs of the state

56
Q

Why did Bismarck want unification of Germany?

A

Hoped that through the unification of Germany he could bring more power to the Hohenzollerns

57
Q

Hohenzollerns?

A

The ruling dynasty of Prussia

58
Q

Why did Bismarck do when legislature refused to vote for military funds?

A
  • Used money that had been collected for other purposes to strengthen the army
  • With said army he led Prussia into three wars
59
Q

Austria and Prussia alliance?

A
  • Alliance w austria helped seize two provinces from Denmark
  • Shortly after Prussia attacked Austria and took many north German states
  • Bismarck then dissolved the Austrian led German Confederation and created a ned Confederation
60
Q

Annexed?

A

Took control of

61
Q

Why did France and Prussia go to war?

A

France was angry about Prussia’s victory over Austria

62
Q

How did Bismarck use propaganda to convince Prussia to go to war with France?

A

Bismarck edited a telegram to make it seem like William had insulted the french ambassador
- After this France declared war on Prussia (Prussia won)

63
Q

Kaiser?

A

Emperor

64
Q

Reich

A

Empire

65
Q

What did Bismarck’s constitution do?

A
  • Set up a two-house legislature, the Bundesrat (upper class) and Reichstag (lower class)
  • Reichstag was elected by universal male suffrage
  • Bundesrat could veto any decisions made by the Reichstag so the power still remained with the emperor and chancellor
66
Q

What was the aftermath of German unification?

A

Germany became and industrial giant following their unification due to growth of population and ample resources

67
Q

House of Krupp?

A

An enormous industrial complex that produced steel and weapons for a world market

68
Q

Explain the economic development after German unification?

A

After unifying Germany, the gov issued a single currency but when a worldwide depression hit tariffs were raised

69
Q

What did Bismarck want to do when it came to foreign relations? (after German unification?

A

He wanted to keep france weak but strengthen bonds with Russia and Austria

70
Q

What did Bismarck not like about the catholic church? What did he do about it?

A
  • He disturbed catholics so he launched the kulturkampf and passed laws that gave states the right to supervise the catholic education and restrict the practice of religions
  • His plan backfired and he ended up making peace with the church
71
Q

Why did Bismarck not like socialists? What did he do about it?

A
  • Feared socialists would undermine the loyalty of German workers so he shut down socialist news papers and banned meeting
  • Plan failed so social democratic party continued to grow
72
Q

Kulturkampf?

A

Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic Church “battle for civilization”

73
Q

Social welfare?

A

Programs to help certain groups of people

74
Q

Colossus?

A

Giant

75
Q

What did Russia look like in the early 1800s?

A
  • Great world power and huge multinational empire with immense resources
  • It was economically undeveloped
  • Had an autocratic government
76
Q

Autocratic government?

A

Absolute power over a state is concentrated in the hands of one person

77
Q

What did Russia social structure look like?

A
  • The tsar had absolute power
  • The nobles and social class below
  • Below them were the serfs
78
Q

Serfs?

A

Peasants who made up the majority of society

79
Q

Emancipation?

A

Freeing of the serfs

80
Q

What happened to Russian serfs after they were freed?

A

They were too poor to buy land and the land they were given was too small so peasants remained poor

81
Q

Black shirts?

A

Party militants
- private army under mussolini and they destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, socialist party headquarter eventually pushing socialists out of the city

Flashcards (10 decks)

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